a device designed to measure the absorbed dose of gamma and mixed gamma neutron radiation in the range from 10 to 1500 rad. ID-11 is an aluminum-phosphate glass activated by silver, which, after exposure to ionizing radiation, acquires the ability to luminesce under the influence of ultraviolet light. The luminescence intensity of this glass serves as a measure to determine the absorbed dose of radiation. Readings from the ID-11 dosimeter, which consists of measuring the luminescence intensity, are carried out by the GO-32 measuring device. The measurement result is displayed on a digital display and represents the total dose value collected by the dose meter during periodic (fractional) irradiation. ID-11 maintains the accumulated dose for long term(at least 12 months) and allows for repeated measurements. The ID-11 dose meter is issued in a sealed case, unauthorized opening of which is prohibited.
Attention!!! Delivery of ALL devices that are listed on the website takes place throughout the ENTIRE territory of the following countries: Russian Federation, Ukraine, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan and other CIS countries.
In Russia there is an established delivery system to the following cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa, Norilsk, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk, Cherepovets, Almetyevsk, Volgograd, Lipetsk Magnitogorsk, Tolyatti, Kogalym, Kstovo, Novy Urengoy, Nizhnekamsk, Nefteyugansk, Nizhny Tagil, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Kaliningrad, Nadym, Noyabrsk, Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Murmansk, Vsevolozhsk, Yaroslavl, Kemerovo, Ryazan, Saratov, Tula, Usinsk, Orenburg, Novotroitsk, Krasnodar, Ulyanovsk, Izhevsk, Irkutsk, Tyumen, Voronezh, Cheboksary, Neftekamsk, Veliky Novgorod, Tver, Astrakhan, Novomoskovsk, Tomsk, Prokopyevsk, Penza, Urai, Pervouralsk , Belgorod, Kursk, Taganrog, Vladimir, Neftegorsk, Kirov, Bryansk, Smolensk, Saransk, Ulan-Ude, Vladivostok, Vorkuta, Podolsk, Krasnogorsk, Novouralsk, Novorossiysk, Khabarovsk, Zheleznogorsk, Kostroma, Zelenogorsk, Tambov, Stavropol, Svetogorsk, Zhigulevsk , Arkhangelsk and other cities of the Russian Federation.
In Ukraine there is an established delivery system to the following cities: Kyiv, Kharkov, Dnepr (Dnepropetrovsk), Odessa, Donetsk, Lvov, Zaporozhye, Nikolaev, Lugansk, Vinnitsa, Simferopol, Kherson, Poltava, Chernigov, Cherkassy, Sumy, Zhitomir, Kirovograd, Khmelnitsky , Rivne, Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Uzhgorod and other cities of Ukraine.
In Belarus there is an established delivery system to the following cities: Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomel, Mozyr, Brest, Lida, Pinsk, Orsha, Polotsk, Grodno, Zhodino, Molodechno and other cities of the Republic of Belarus.
In Kazakhstan, there is an established delivery system to the following cities: Astana, Almaty, Ekibastuz, Pavlodar, Aktobe, Karaganda, Uralsk, Aktau, Atyrau, Arkalyk, Balkhash, Zhezkazgan, Kokshetau, Kostanay, Taraz, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Lisakovsk, Shakhtinsk, Petropavlovsk, Rider, Rudny, Semey, Taldykorgan, Temirtau, Ust-Kamenogorsk and other cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Manufacturer TM "Infrakar" is a manufacturer of multifunctional devices such as a gas analyzer and a smoke meter.
If not on the site in technical description If you need any information about the device, you can always contact us for help. Our qualified managers will clarify for you the technical characteristics of the device from its technical documentation: operating instructions, passport, form, operating manual, diagrams. If necessary, we will take photographs of the device, stand or device you are interested in.
You can leave reviews for a device, meter, device, indicator or product purchased from us. If you agree, your review will be published on the website without providing contact information.
Descriptions of the devices are taken from technical documentation or technical literature. Most photos of products are taken directly by our specialists before shipment of the goods. The description of the device provides the main technical characteristics of the devices: rating, measurement range, accuracy class, scale, supply voltage, dimensions (size), weight. If on the website you see a discrepancy between the name of the device (model) and the technical specifications, photos or attached documents - please let us know - you will receive a useful gift along with the purchased device.
If necessary, you can clarify the total weight and dimensions or the size of a separate part of the meter in our service center. If necessary, our engineers will help you choose a complete analogue or the most suitable replacement for the device you are interested in. All analogues and replacements will be tested in one of our laboratories to ensure full compliance with your requirements.
Our company carries out repairs and service measuring equipment from more than 75 different manufacturing plants of the former USSR and CIS. We also carry out the following metrological procedures: calibration, calibration, graduation, testing of measuring equipment.
Devices are supplied to the following countries: Azerbaijan (Baku), Armenia (Yerevan), Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek), Moldova (Chisinau), Tajikistan (Dushanbe), Turkmenistan (Ashgabat), Uzbekistan (Tashkent), Lithuania (Vilnius), Latvia (Riga) ), Estonia (Tallinn), Georgia (Tbilisi).
Zapadpribor LLC offers a huge selection of measuring equipment with the best price-quality ratio. So that you can buy devices inexpensively, we monitor competitors’ prices and are always ready to offer more low price. We sell only quality products at the best prices. On our website you can cheaply buy both the latest new products and time-tested devices from the best manufacturers.
The site constantly has a promotion “Buy at best price“- if on another Internet resource the product presented on our website has a lower price, then we will sell it to you even cheaper! Buyers are also provided additional discount for leaving feedback or photographs of the use of our products.
The price list does not contain the entire range of products offered. You can find out prices for goods not included in the price list by contacting the managers. You can also get from our managers detailed information about how to cheaply and profitably buy measuring instruments wholesale and retail. Phone and e-mail for consultations on purchasing, delivery or receiving discounts are given above the product description. We have the most qualified employees, high-quality equipment and competitive prices.
Zapadpribor LLC is an official dealer of measuring equipment manufacturers. Our goal is to sell goods high quality with the best price offers and service for our clients. Our company can not only sell the device you need, but also offer additional services for its verification, repair and installation. To ensure that you have a pleasant experience after purchasing on our website, we have provided special guaranteed gifts for the most popular products.
The META plant is a manufacturer of the most reliable instruments for technical inspection. The STM brake tester is produced at this plant.
If you can repair the device yourself, then our engineers can provide you with a complete set of necessary technical documentation: electrical diagram, TO, RE, FO, PS. We also have an extensive database of technical and metrological documents: technical specifications (TU), terms of reference(TK), GOST, industry standard (OST), verification methodology, certification methodology, verification scheme for more than 3500 types of measuring equipment from the manufacturer of this equipment. From the site you can download all the necessary software (program, driver) required for the operation of the purchased device.
We also have a library of regulatory documents that are related to our field of activity: law, code, resolution, decree, temporary regulation.
At customer's request for each meter verification or metrological certification is provided. Our employees can represent your interests in such metrological organizations as Rostest (Rosstandart), Gosstandart, Gospotrebstandart, CLIT, OGMetr.
Sometimes customers may enter the name of our company incorrectly - for example, zapadpribor, zapadprilad, zapadpribor, zapadprilad, zahidpribor, zahidpribor, zahidpribor, zahidprilad, zahidpribor, zahidpribor, zahidprilad. That's right - the west device.
LLC "Zapadpribor" is a supplier of ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, frequency meters, phase meters, shunts and other instruments from such measuring equipment manufacturers as: PA "Electrotochpribor" (M2044, M2051), Omsk; OJSC Instrument-Making Plant Vibrator (M1611, Ts1611), St. Petersburg; OJSC Krasnodar ZIP (E365, E377, E378), LLC ZIP-Partner (Ts301, Ts302, Ts300) and LLC ZIP Yurimov (M381, Ts33), Krasnodar; JSC “VZEP” (“Vitebsk Plant of Electrical Measuring Instruments”) (E8030, E8021), Vitebsk; JSC "Electropribor" (M42300, M42301, M42303, M42304, M42305, M42306), Cheboksary; JSC "Electroizmeritel" (Ts4342, Ts4352, Ts4353) Zhitomir; PJSC "Uman plant "Megommeter" (F4102, F4103, F4104, M4100), Uman.
IU device (GO-32).
Set of individual dose meters ID-11 is intended for individual monitoring of people's exposure for the purpose of primary diagnosis of radiation injuries based on the radiation indicator (acute radiation sickness).
The kit includes 500 individual ID-11 dose meters located in five storage boxes, a measuring device IU in the storage box, two power cables (a cable with a plug at the end for power supply AC and a cable with plug terminals at the end for power supply DC from the battery), technical documentation, spare parts, calibration (GP) and overload (PR) detectors. The weight of the set is 36 kg.
The individual dose meter ID-11 provides measurement of the absorbed dose of gamma and mixed gamma-neutron radiation in the range from 10 to 1500 rad.
Operation of ID-11 is ensured in the temperature range from -50 to +50°C under conditions of relative humidity up to 98%. The radiation dose is summed up during periodic training and stored in the dosimeter for 12 months.
Irradiated ID-11 provides readings from the measuring device with an error of ±15% 6 hours after irradiation when stored under normal conditions. When measuring 14 hours after irradiation, the additional measurement error does not exceed ±15%. An individual dose meter provides multiple measurements of the same dose. The mass of ID-11 is 25 g.
Structurally, ID-11 (Fig. 8) consists of a body and a holder with a glass plate (detector). The serial number of the kit and the serial number of the individual meter are indicated on the holder; the body has a cord in the form of a loop for securing the ID-11 in a pocket.
 |
Rice. 8. Individual dose meter ID-11.
a - assembled; b - holder with detector; c – body
To prevent uncontrolled opening of the detector, a special polyethylene seal is placed on the nut, which is removed using a special device before measurement. To open and close ID-11, a key is installed on the front panel of the control unit (the spare key is in the spare parts kit).
Measuring device IU GO-32(Fig. 9) is intended for use in stationary and field conditions at temperatures from -30° to +50°C and relative humidity up to 98%. The device is made in a unified housing desktop type, providing ease of use and carrying, and has a digital readout. Warm-up time is 30 minutes, continuous operation time is 20 hours, and the absorbed dose measurement time does not exceed 30 seconds.
Rice. 9. Measuring device GO-32.
1 - toggle switch "On"; 2 - digital display; 3 - “Calibration” knob; 4 - measuring socket for installing detectors of individual dose meters; 5 - key for opening the detector; 6 - knob "Set zero"; 7 - terminal "Ground"
The operability of the IU is checked using the control detector built into it.
The measuring device is powered from an alternating current network with a voltage of 220V ±10% with a frequency of 50 Hz ±1, as well as from batteries with a voltage of 12 V ±10% or 24 V ±10%. The mass of the measuring device is 18 kg, when packed 25 kg.
On the front panel of the control unit (Fig. 9) there is a digital display, knobs for setting zero and calibrations, a toggle switch “On”, a light display for setting the pressure (-, 0, +), a key for opening ID-11 (“Open”, "Close."), measuring socket for installing the detector of an individual dose meter, terminal "Ground" and brief instructions on preparation and work with PS.
On the rear wall of the DUT there are fuses and connectors for connecting cables connecting the DUT to the power source.
Individual radiophotoluminescent dose meter ID-11 is designed to measure the absorbed dose of gamma and mixed gamma-neutron radiation in the range from 10 to 1500 rad.
Dose meter ID-11(Fig. 10.15) is a silver-activated aluminophosphate glass, which, after exposure to ionizing radiation, acquires the ability to luminesce under the influence of ultraviolet light. The luminescence intensity of this glass serves as a measure to determine the absorbed dose of radiation.
Rice. 10.15. Dose meter ID-11:
1 - holder; 2 - silver-activated aluminophosphate glass plate - ionizing radiation detector; 3 - body; 4 - cord.
Readings from the ID-11 dosimeter, which consists of measuring the luminescence intensity, are carried out by the GO-32 measuring device (Fig. 10.16). The measurement result is displayed on a digital display and represents the total dose value collected by the dose meter during periodic (fractional) irradiation. The ID-11 dose meter stores the accumulated dose for a long period (at least 12 months) and allows for repeated measurements. The ID-11 dose meter is issued to military personnel in a sealed case, unauthorized opening of which is prohibited. The dose meter is carried in a tunic pocket or in a secret trouser pocket. Dose meter weight - 23 g.
Fig. 10.16. Measuring device GO-32:
1 - ZERO SETTING knob; 2 - POWER toggle switch; 3 - indicator board; 4 - overload indication; 5 - calibration number; 6 - CALIBRATION knob; 7 - plug; 8 - socket for installing the detector; 9 - KEY for opening the detector; 10 - carrying handle.
The issuance of dose meters to personnel together with a dose record card is carried out by order of the commander of the military unit. The issuance of the list is carried out by the foreman of the unit. Issued military and individual dose meters must be in working condition. The initial readings of ID-11 at the time of issue must be recorded.
Preparation and work with the GO-32 device. Turn on the device with the POWER toggle switch and warm it up for 30 minutes. Use the ZERO SETTING knob to set “O”; remove the plug. Use the CALIBRATION knob to set the calibration number. Using the KEY, open the detector, insert it into the measuring channel and push it all the way. Take the third or fourth reading. Press to return the detector to its original position and remove it. It is prohibited to recess the moving glass without a detector.
Readings from military dose meters in units are taken by immediate superiors or persons appointed by them. During a long stay in a contaminated area, the frequency of taking readings from military dose meters is established by the senior commander. Readings from individual dose meters are taken at the medical center of the military unit.
Based on military radiation monitoring data, each company and individual platoon keeps a log of radiation doses received by unit personnel. The total value of radiation doses is periodically recorded in individual dose cards. When a serviceman is transferred (business trip) to another unit (unit), the total dose received by the serviceman is recorded in the prescription (dose record card) and registered at the place of the new assignment (business trip). When moving the wounded and sick from one medical point (hospital) to another, the total radiation dose received by the military personnel is recorded in the medical history, and upon discharge from medical institution- in the dose record card.
Chapter 11. MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY
Military topography gives knowledge about the terrain, teaches how to navigate it, the skillful use of topographic maps and aerial photographs when performing various combat missions, techniques for working with a map on the ground, drawing graphic documents.
The study of military topography contributes to the development of such important qualities as observation and accuracy, the ability to analyze observation results and draw conclusions about the influence of the terrain on the performance of a combat mission.
The main issues in topographical training of internal troops sergeants are terrain orientation and movement along azimuths, which are carried out only practically and on unfamiliar terrain.
METHODS OF STUDYING THE AREAS
The terrain is being studied in relation to the upcoming service and combat mission. The following main methods are used to study the area.
Area reconnaissance.
Terrain reconnaissance (direct inspection and examination) is the main and most advanced method, since it allows you to most completely and reliably study and evaluate all the features of the terrain (the nature of the relief, traffic conditions, the presence and condition of roads, hidden approaches, command heights, natural obstacles etc.), their influence on the actions of their unit, neighbors and enemy.
One of the ways to reconnaissance of an area in advance is reconnaissance, i.e. survey and study of the area by walking around it or bypassing it. This method is widely used in combat situations for reconnaissance of individual areas and lines, movement routes, river crossing areas, etc.
However, the situation does not always allow you to personally inspect the desired site, route or area, therefore, along with inspecting the area, other methods of studying it are used.
Studying the area using a map. Large-scale topographic maps make it possible to study the terrain in advance and quickly in any conditions, regardless of the size of the area, its remoteness and the presence of the enemy on it. A preliminary study of the terrain during reconnaissance operations, organizing a march, preparing and organizing a battle is always carried out on a map.
A military topographic map is a faithful assistant to an officer and sergeant. It gives a clear picture of the area. From the map you can easily determine where and what roads are located, their condition, surface, steepness of descents and ascents, length and width. Having found a bridge on the map, you can not only tell what material it is built from (wood, iron, etc.) , but also determine its width, length and load capacity. The map makes it possible to find out the width of the river, its name, direction and speed of flow, ford depth and bottom quality; forest type and age; number of yards in locality and its name, the presence of telegraph and telephone communications in a given locality, etc. In addition, using the map you can get a complete picture of the topography of a given area.
Using a topographic map, you can solve a number of important problems: determine distances, outline hidden approaches and paths for movement; determine your location, the position of targets and quickly indicate them to persons located at other observation points; prepare initial data for opening artillery and machine gun fire; move without roads in closed areas at night, in fog, having previously determined the azimuths for movement from the map. Having studied the area on the map, you can outline the likely places of concentration of enemy troops, possible routes of movement, places of unloading of his troops, etc.
When using the map, however, it is necessary to take into account that it is impossible to put on it all the details of the terrain that are important for unit commanders. In addition, the map does not reflect all the changes in the area that have occurred since the moment it was taken, and therefore is often more or less out of date. The terrain changes especially dramatically in combat conditions. Using the map, it is also impossible to determine terrain conditions that depend on the time of year, for example, the passability of roads and swamps in winter or during muddy times, etc.
All this additional data about the area should be obtained by reconnaissance. In this case, especially when studying terrain occupied by the enemy, aerial photographs can provide significant assistance.
Studying the area using aerial photographs. Aerial photographs are obtained by photographing an area from an airplane. Compared to a map, they provide more recent and detailed information about the area. Using them, you can study not only the terrain, but also the location, nature of the enemy’s defensive structures, fire weapons, and the places where his manpower and military equipment are concentrated. However, the images also do not provide complete information about the area, for example, the passability of swamps, the depth of fords, the speed of the river, etc.
Study of the area through interviews with local residents and interrogations of prisoners. This method is used in the absence of sufficient data obtained by other methods, as well as to verify and clarify individual details. Information obtained in this way must be carefully checked against other sources.
Thus, all of the listed methods of studying the area complement one another. Only their skillful combination and application depending on the situation can provide the commander with the most complete data about the area of upcoming operations.
Typical landforms and main types of terrain
The terrain forms are very diverse. The following landforms exist (Fig. 11.1).
Mountain (height) - a dome-shaped or conical hill, from the top of which slopes (slopes) radiate in all directions. Its base is called the sole. A small mountain is called a hill, and an artificial hill is called a mound. The heights from which a good horizon opens are called commanding heights.
Rice. 11.1. Typical relief forms and their schematic representation.
Basin - closed cup-shaped depression. A small depression is called a pit.
Ridge - a hill stretched in one direction. The line along the ridge along its crest, from which the slopes diverge in opposite directions, is called a watershed or topographic ridge.
Hollow - an elongated depression sloping in one direction. The line connecting the slopes along the bottom of the hollow is called a weir. A large, wide hollow with gentle slopes and a low-sloping bottom is called a valley, and a narrow one with very steep slopes is called a gorge if it cuts through a mountain range, and a ravine if it is located on a plain or on a mountainside.
Saddle - the lower part of the crest of a ridge or elongated mountain, located between two adjacent vertices. A saddle is the junction of two valleys that diverge in opposite directions. In the mountains, saddles through which mountain roads and trails pass are called passes.
Each of the listed landforms has its own tactical significance.
Hills (heights, ridges) are advantageous for placing trenches and observation posts on them, because visibility and shelling of the surrounding area is improved. In this case, however, one should take into account the shapes of the slopes, which have different effects on viewing and firing conditions.
There are the following main shapes of slopes: smooth, concave, convex and wavy. The flat and concave slopes are clearly visible along the entire length from the topographic ridge to the bottom and have no areas that cannot be shot. A convex slope, on the contrary, convexly blocks part of the terrain from view, forming a field of invisibility and a non-shootable space.
The wavy slope is a combination of convex and concave slopes. The convex bend (ridge) from which it opens best review and shelling a slope to its base and which is not projected against the sky when observed from the enemy is called, in contrast to topographical, a combat or artillery ridge. It is always located on a slope below the topographic ridge and is therefore convenient for the location of trenches, observation posts, and anti-tank guns. On flat and concave slopes, the combat ridge runs close to the topographic one and almost coincides with it.
The slopes of the hills facing the enemy are called front slopes, and those facing in the opposite direction are called reverse slopes. Reverse slopes are convenient for the location of artillery and mortar firing positions, equipment of dugouts, combat feeding points, etc.
Hollows, ravines, saddles and reverse slopes of hills serve as good hidden approaches, and craters, pits and mounds serve as shelters during dashes.
When determining the possibility of movement on the ground, it is also necessary to take into account the steepness and length of the slopes.
The nature of the terrain can be very diverse. For combat conditions, the following varieties are usually distinguished:
The nature of the relief is flat, hilly and mountainous;
The nature of the soil and vegetation cover includes wooded, swampy, steppe and desert areas.
In all cases, the terrain influences the combat operations of troops in one way or another. When assessing the tactical properties of any type of terrain, it is first determined to what extent the terrain is covered by the terrain and local objects that limit visibility and observation (closed, semi-open, open), as well as to what extent it is crossed and indented by obstacles (ravines, rivers, lakes, large ditches, stone fences, etc.) affecting the movement of troops (crossed, slightly crossed, uncrossed).
Open terrain makes it easier to control troops and observe the battlefield, but makes it difficult to camouflage, shelter from fire, and communicate with the rear.
Rough terrain complicates the movement of troops and military equipment.
READING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
The concept of topographic maps, plans and diagrams. A topographic map is a detailed and accurate image of the terrain on a plane (paper), made with conventional symbols with all terrain lines reduced by 10, 25.50 thousand times or more (up to a million).
Maps depicting the entire earth's surface or a significant part of it (an entire continent, country) with a reduction of more than a million times are called geographical maps.
The ratio showing how many times all terrain lines are reduced when depicting them on a map is called the map scale. The smaller this decrease, the larger the image of the area, and therefore the scale of the map, and vice versa. Obviously than larger scale maps, the more detailed and accurate the terrain can be depicted on it.
An accurate and detailed image of individual small sections of terrain (up to 100 km in length and width), made by conventional signs with a decrease in the linear dimensions of the area by 10 thousand times or less, is called, in contrast to a map, a topographic plan.
Using large-scale topographic maps and plans, you can study the terrain in sufficient detail and accurately and navigate it, make the necessary measurements and calculations, and prepare data for firing and target designation.
Topographic maps are printed in separate sheets, the sizes of which are set for each scale. The side frames of the sheets are meridians, and the top and bottom frames are parallels. On all maps, the top frame always faces north. All this allows, if necessary, to easily glue together several folded sheets of map.
Given the importance of topographic maps and plans as detailed and accurate documents about the area, they must be carefully protected so that they do not fall into enemy hands.
A simplified drawing that shows only some of the basic elements of the terrain that are important for performing a specific task is called a diagram. Schemes are usually drawn up by eye or according to an existing map and are used in the preparation of combat graphic documents for various purposes: target diagram, route diagram, report diagram, etc.
Measuring distances on a map. To measure distance on a map, you need to know its scale.
The scale is always indicated below the bottom (southern) frame of the map and is expressed numerically or graphically (Fig. 11.2). In the first case it is called a numerical scale, and in the second - a linear scale.
Signature 1:25,000 - numerical scale (reads “one twenty-five thousandth”). It means that all terrain lines are depicted on this map with a reduction of 25 thousand times, i.e. 1 cm corresponds to 25000 cm on the map and Rice. 11.2. Linear and numerical scales.
250 m - on the ground. This distance, corresponding to 1 cm on the map, is called the scale value and is always inscribed on the map between the numerical and linear scales.
When using a numerical scale, the distance on the map is measured in centimeters using a ruler with centimeter divisions. Then, knowing the scale, multiply by the number of centimeters measured on the map. For example, on a map with a scale of 1:25000, the distance measured is 5.3 cm. This distance on the ground will be 250m x 5.3 = 1325m.
Even simpler, without any calculations, distances on the map are measured using a linear scale, using a compass or a strip of paper. They do it like this (Fig. 11.3):
The legs of the compass are installed at points on the map, the distance between which needs to be determined;
Then, without changing the angle of the compass, apply it to the linear scale so that one of the legs exactly coincides with the zero or with the signed division Rice. 11.3. Measuring distance on a map
to the right of zero, and the other is located using linear scale on small divisions to the left of zero;
The required distance is obtained as the sum of the readings read on the scale against both legs of the compass.
TERRAIN ORIENTATION
To navigate the terrain means to determine your location and the desired direction of movement (action) relative to the sides of the horizon, surrounding local objects, relief elements, as well as the location of your troops and enemy troops, and to understand the position of lines, landmarks, engineering structures and other objects on the ground.
You can navigate the area with or without a topographic map. When orienting without a map, it is necessary to determine the sides of the horizon. With varying degrees of accuracy and reliability, the sides of the horizon can be determined on the ground using a compass, by celestial bodies and by some signs of local objects.
By compass. Determining the sides of the horizon using a compass is performed in the following sequence: release the magnetic needle from the brake; by rotating the compass cover, align the reference pointer at the front sight of the sighting device with the zero division of the dial; position the compass horizontally and rotate its body so that the zero division of the dial aligns with the northern end of the magnetic needle; using a sighting device, select a local object that is located in the north direction; other sides of the horizon are found by the corresponding marks on the compass dial.
To more accurately determine the direction to the north, it is advisable to install the compass on a stationary horizontal base.
The presence of large metal objects, radio transmitting and radio receiving devices near the compass will affect its readings. big mistakes. Therefore, when determining the direction of movement using a compass while marching in armored and automotive vehicles, you should move away from the vehicle at a distance of at least 30 m, while keeping the machine gun in the “behind your back” position. When orienting using a compass directly in the car cabin, it is necessary to determine in advance the correction to the compass readings.
According to the position of the Sun. The Sun moves across the sky from east to west at an angular speed of 15° per hour, and at noon local time it is in the south. According to the Sun and the clock The sides of the horizon are determined in the following sequence: the watch is held horizontally, so that the hour hand is directed towards the Sun (Fig. 11.4); The angle between the hour hand and the direction from the center of the dial to the number “I” in winter and the number “2” in summer is divided in half. The line dividing this angle in half will indicate the direction to the south.
At night, identifying sides Rice. 11.4. Determining directions for the horizon is easiest to navigate on the polar side of the horizon using a clock.
star(Fig. 11.5). This star is always there
in the north. Therefore, if you stand facing it, north will be in front, south behind, east on the right, and west on the left. To do this, you need to find the constellation Ursa Major. Then mentally continue the straight line segment between the two extreme stars of the “bucket” of the constellation towards its expanded part and set aside five times. The resulting point will indicate the position of the North Star, which is part of the constellation Ursa Minor and is always located in the north direction.
Rice. 11.5. Determining directions to the sides of the horizon using the North Star.
During a full moon, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the Moon using a watch in the same way as by the Sun.
If the Moon is incomplete (waxing or waning), then you need to:
Divide by eye the radius of the Moon's disk into six equal parts, determine how many such parts are contained in the diameter of the visible crescent of the Moon, and note the time on the clock;
From this time, subtract (if the Moon is waxing) or add (if the Moon is waning) as many parts as are contained in the diameter of the visible crescent of the Moon. In order not to make a mistake when to take the difference and when to take the sum, you can use the method shown in Fig. 11.6; the resulting sum or difference will show at the hour when the Sun will be in the direction where the Moon is located;
Combine the direction to the Moon with the place on the dial that corresponds to the one obtained after adding or subtracting the time. The bisector of the angle between the direction to the Moon and one hour (winter time) or two hours (summer time) will show the direction south.
Rice. 11.6. Rule for
establishing a definition
Mark positions on
Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Individual dose meter ID-11
a device designed to measure the absorbed dose of gamma and mixed gamma neutron radiation in the range from 10 to 1500 rad. ID-11 is a silver-activated aluminophosphate glass, which, after exposure to ionizing radiation, acquires the ability to luminesce under the influence of ultraviolet light. The luminescence intensity of this glass serves as a measure to determine the absorbed dose of radiation. Readings from the ID-11 dosimeter, which consists of measuring the luminescence intensity, are carried out by the GO-32 measuring device. The measurement result is displayed on a digital display and represents the total dose value collected by the dose meter during periodic (fractional) irradiation. ID-11 retains the accumulated dose for a long period (at least 12 months) and allows for repeated measurements. The ID-11 dose meter is issued in a sealed case, unauthorized opening of which is prohibited.
