Hygienic requirements for lighting. Light should be evenly distributed throughout the illuminated space, ensure proper shadow formation and good color rendition, light sources should not dazzle. Insufficient and improperly arranged lighting causes visual fatigue, increases industrial, household and street injuries, contributes to the development of myopia and postural disorders. There are natural, artificial and combined (simultaneously used natural and artificial when there is a lack of natural) lighting.
Natural lighting is provided by the light of the sun and the sky (sun rays scattered in the atmosphere); it is biologically the most valuable. He is characterized by high intensity in the daytime, a favorable spectral composition of light, combining visible light, ultraviolet, infrared (thermal) radiation. A person's prolonged stay in conditions of insufficient natural light leads to the development of light (or solar) starvation (see Ultraviolet deficiency), which is manifested by a decrease in the body's resistance to adverse factors (toxic, infectious, etc.), and an increase in morbidity, especially in children.
To assess and normalize natural light, in connection with its seasonal and daily variability, a relative unit is used - the natural illumination coefficient (KEO), which is the ratio between indoor illumination and simultaneous outdoor illumination (in the open air) without taking into account illumination from direct sunlight rays. Less accurate, but simpler, is the assessment of natural light by the luminous coefficient (LC), which is the ratio between the area of the light opening and the floor area. Approximate SC values that provide favorable conditions for natural oxygen: for living rooms - 1: 8-1: 10; for wards of hospitals and sanatoriums - 1: 6-1: 8; for school classes - 1: 4-1: 6; for operating rooms and drawing rooms - 1: 2-1: 3. In rooms with insufficient natural light it is necessary high quality artificial light, and with a large deficit of natural light - and the organization of preventive UV irradiation of people.
Artificial lighting is provided by incandescent lamps, fluorescent or gas-discharge lamps of other types (mercury, metal halide, sodium, etc.). Incandescent lamps remain the leading source of light for residential premises, fluorescent lamps for public premises; other types of lamps are used mainly for lighting workshops, stadiums and streets. To properly use the luminous flux and protect against the glare of lamps, they are placed in luminaires with direct, diffused or reflected light. Protection from the glare of lamps is ensured by the height of the lamp suspension and its protective angle, which in local lighting lamps should be at least 30°.
Artificial lighting can be general (from ceiling lamps), local (from lamps near the workplace) or combined (simultaneously used general and local). The sufficiency of artificial lighting is assessed by measuring the level of illumination in lux using a lux meter or by calculation - by the specific power of the lighting installation, in watts per square meter, taking into account the type of lamps, the height of their installation and the reflection of light inside the room.
The standards for natural and artificial lighting depend on the purpose of the room and the nature of visual work. They regulate quantitative and qualitative indicators: KEO, illumination on the working plane and in space, permissible level the influence of lamp brightness and illumination pulsation (from gas-discharge light sources), types of light sources taking into account color rendering requirements. Lighting safety is ensured by compliance with the rules for the design and operation of lighting installations, timely repair or replacement of faulty lamps.
Reference articles: acclimatization
Be healthy!
Artificial lighting must correspond to the purpose of the premises, be sufficient, adjustable and safe, and not have a blinding effect or other adverse effects on humans and the internal environment of the premises.
General artificial lighting must be provided in all rooms, without exception. To illuminate individual functional areas and workplaces, local lighting is also installed.
Artificial lighting of hospital premises is provided by fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. Recommended illumination, light source, lamp type are taken in accordance with the manual for SNiP 2.08-89 for the design of medical institutions. The luminescent devices intended for installation and used have a particularly low noise level.
General lighting fixtures placed on ceilings must have solid (closed) diffusers.
To illuminate wards (except for children's and psychiatric departments), combined wall lamps (general and local lighting) should be used, installed at each bed at a height of 1.7 m from the floor level.
In each ward, in addition, there must be a special night lighting lamp installed in a niche near the door at a height of 0.3 m from the floor (in children's and psychiatric departments, lamps are installed in niches above doorways at a height of 2.2 m from the floor level) .
In medical examination rooms, it is necessary to install wall lamps for examining the patient.
The works of a number of authors have substantiated a number of hygienic and economic advantages of fluorescent lighting compared to incandescent lamps. In terms of their effect on performance, color perception and fatigue of the visual analyzer, incandescent lamps are less advanced than fluorescent lamps. Therefore, when choosing light sources, preference should be given to lamps with fluorescent lamps of the LHBC type (cool white color with corrected color emission), etc. In anti-shock, operating, preoperative, dressing, birth, and resuscitation rooms, closed-type lamps with solid lenses of the LPP-01 type are installed, Art-352, in the offices of specialist doctors, not completely closed (Art-353).
3.3.2. Study of artificial lighting.
Guided by the above, an instrumental study of artificial illumination should be preceded by a description of the lighting system, type of lamps, their placement in the room being examined, and the light source; it is necessary to note the color of the light, the presence or absence of pulsations of the light flux, determine the height of the suspension of the lamps, and then measure the illumination at the workplace with an objective lux meter or through specific power, etc.
Table 9.
Standards for artificial lighting (extract from SNiP-4-79 “Natural and artificial lighting”).
|
Name of premises |
Illumination in lux |
|
|
fluorescent lamps |
incandescent lamps |
|
|
Operating rooms in hospitals | ||
|
Generic; resuscitation, dressing | ||
|
Doctors' offices | ||
|
Doctors' offices in the clinic | ||
|
Diagnostic laboratories | ||
|
Chambers of hospitals and sanatoriums | ||
|
Main corridors in hospitals | ||
The calculation method for determining artificial illumination is based on calculating the total power of all lamps in the room and determining the specific power of the lamps (in W/m2). This value is multiplied by a coefficient showing what illumination (in lux) the specific power equal to 1 W/m2 gives. Its value for rooms with an area of no more than 50 m2 at a network voltage of 220 V for incandescent lamps of 180 W or more is 2.5; for incandescent lamps with a power of 100 W is equal to 2.0; for fluorescent lamps - 1.25.
Example: A room with an area of 33 m2 is illuminated by two 150 W lamps (incandescent lamps). The specific power is 150 W x 2: 30 = 10 W/m 2. Illumination is 10 x 2.5 = 25 lux, which is significantly lower than the hygienic standard.
INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS.
Give a descriptive description of the natural and artificial lighting of the department’s classroom.
Conduct a study and evaluate the natural light in the classroom using the following geometric (graphic) indicators: luminous coefficient (LC), angle of incidence, angle of the opening in the workplace and depth coefficient.
Familiarize yourself with the device and master the rules of working with an objective lux meter.
Determine and evaluate absolute illumination and calculate the coefficient of natural illumination (NLC) in the classroom and workplaces.
Assess the insolation regime in the classroom.
Calculate and evaluate artificial illumination in the classroom through specific power. When calculating, use table number 36 on page 110 of the “Guide to practical classes on hygiene” by Yu.P. Pivovarova et al., illumination of the audience, classrooms and laboratories according to SNiP-4-79 “natural and artificial lighting” at the level 0.8 m with incandescent lamps should be equal to 150 lux, with fluorescent lamps - 300 lux.
The results of all completed studies should be documented in a protocol (according to the form below) with a conclusion and recommendations for optimizing the insolation regime, natural and artificial illumination in the study room of the classroom.
The conclusion is obtained by comparing the results obtained with hygienic standards used to assess the illumination of premises.
Solving situational problems on the topic “Assessment of the insolation regime, natural and artificial lighting of hospitals.”
PROTOCOL
Research and hygienic assessment of illumination
(name of premises)
Date and time of the study
1. STUDY OF NATURAL LIGHTING
1. Room on the floor, its orientation, room dimensions, decoration,
color of walls, ceiling
2. Sizes of windows, their number, location
total area of glazed parts of windows, m2
distance of the top edge from the ceiling cm, window sill height
cm, width of walls, m
type of window frames. Glass condition
3. Luminous coefficient, angle of incidence,
hole depth, KEO%
daylight illumination
4. Results of assessing the insolation regime
2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
(specify which one)
1. Its organization: general, local, combined
Type of lamps (direct, diffused, reflected)
quantity, placement
suspension height, lamp power W, total power,
condition of fittings, protective devices (yes, no)
2. Brightness according to the device nit, according to the formula
Illumination in different points(oscillations)
uniform no
CONCLUSION
TEST QUESTIONS
Artificial lighting can be general, local or combined.
Hygienic assessment of artificial lighting includes: determining the level of illumination of the required area, characterizing the light source and fittings.
Illumination is the ratio of the luminous flux incident on a surface to the area of this surface. Express illumination in lux (lx).
When calculating illumination, the following are taken into account: the complexity of the technological process and, consequently, the degree of visual strain; duration and intensity of visual work; contrast between the lighting of the workplace and the surrounding background.
Light sources - incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. Their hygienic characteristics are different and are determined by the following properties of the lamps:
The share of energy converted by the lamp into light;
Thermal radiation;
Spectral characteristics of visible radiation;
Stable luminous flux.
Electric incandescent lamps are light sources with an emitter in the form of a tungsten filament or spiral, heated by electric current to 2500-3300 oC. The higher the filament temperature, the larger part of the emitted energy is perceived in the form of light, i.e. the more economical the lamp is. However, as the filament temperature of tungsten increases, the rate of its evaporation also increases, which shortens the life of the lamp. Currently, in order to reduce the rate of tungsten evaporation and make lamps more economical, they are filled with a krypton-xenon mixture. Since the presence of inert gas causes additional power losses, low-power lamps (40 W or less), which have the lowest efficiency, are made hollow (vacuum).
Incandescent lamps have a number of disadvantages:
Low efficiency;
Strong thermal radiation;
A small fraction of energy converted into light - (vacuum about 7%, krypton-xenon - up to 13%);
The lamp filaments are extremely bright to the eye;
Unlike daylight yellow and red parts of the spectrum predominate in visible radiation, which complicates color perception and color discrimination;
The light flux contains almost no ultraviolet rays characteristic of sunlight.
Fluorescent lamps are characterized by double energy conversion: electrical energy is converted into ultraviolet radiation energy, and ultraviolet radiation energy into the visible glow of luminescent substances.
A fluorescent lamp is a sealed glass tube filled with mercury vapor and argon. A fine-crystalline luminescent substance is applied to the inner surface of the tube. Electrodes made of tungsten spirals are soldered into both ends of the tube. Electric current, passing through the gaseous medium between the electrodes, causes the glow of mercury vapor and the formation of UV rays. By affecting the phosphor, ultraviolet rays cause it to glow.
Depending on the type of phosphor and the proportion of the mixture, fluorescent light (DS), white light (WL), cool white light (CWL) and warm white light (WL) lamps are produced. Fluorescent lamps are characterized by insignificant radiation in the red part of the spectrum, which brings their radiation closer to daylight, but at the same time distorts the transmission of red and orange tones. BS and TBS lamps produce less intense radiation in the blue violet region than DS lamps. Therefore, fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate rooms that require a subtle difference in colors and shades.
The energy converted into light in fluorescent lamps is 3-4 times greater than incandescent lamps, and thermal radiation is negligible. The service life of fluorescent lamps is 3 times longer than incandescent lamps.
However, a serious disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the fluctuation of the luminous flux - the stroboscopic effect. It represents multiple virtual images of moving objects, which causes visual fatigue, distorted perception of moving objects and can cause occupational injuries. To prevent the stroboscopic effect, it is necessary to turn on several closely spaced fluorescent lamps in different phases of a three-phase electrical network.
The above differences in the hygienic assessment of light sources are taken into account when choosing them for lighting rooms for various purposes.
For lighting industrial premises, it is recommended to use mainly incandescent lamps. In warehouses, lamps with fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should be used. In storerooms, incandescent lamps in lamps must be covered with silicate glass.
The brightness of the luminous surface of fluorescent lamps is insignificant, but to prevent visual fatigue, they, like incandescent lamps, are enclosed in special fittings.
The fixture is a device designed to rationally redistribute the light flux, protect the eyes from excessive brightness, protect the light source from mechanical damage, and the environment from fragments in the event of possible destruction of the lamp.
An important hygienic characteristic of fittings is light distribution, i.e. distribution of illumination in space. When choosing a lamp, in addition to light distribution, the degree of protection of the light source from environmental influences is taken into account, which is especially important in damp, dusty rooms, rooms with a chemically active environment, etc.
Lamps (light sources in fittings), depending on the distribution of light, are divided into four groups:
Direct light luminaires - direct about 90% of the light onto the illuminated surface, but sharp shadows and glare may appear on them.
Lamps with predominantly reflected light - their lower spherical part is made of milk glass, and the upper part is made of frosted glass. In this case, about 65-70% of the light flux is directed to the upper part of the lamp. Such lamps are used in those rooms where diffuse lighting is required.
Reflected light fixtures - direct the entire luminous flux to the ceiling. Rays of light are reflected at different angles from the ceiling and the top of the walls, as a result of which shadows almost completely disappear.
Ambient light lamps create quite satisfactory lighting conditions: their glare is insignificant, and no sharp shadows are formed on the illuminated surfaces. However, they, like reflected light lamps, absorb a significant portion of the light.
It is prohibited to use lamps with reflectors or diffusers made of flammable materials. In refrigerated food chambers, luminaires approved for low temperatures should be used. Lamps must have protective shades with metal mesh to protect against damage and glass getting on food. An important hygienic requirement is the timely cleaning of lamps, since dirty fittings reduce the illumination of workplaces by 25-30%.
At food enterprises, natural and artificial lighting is designed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP “Natural and artificial lighting. Design standards".
Sanitary requirements for lighting of public catering establishments. Natural and artificial lighting in all production, warehouse, sanitary and administrative premises must comply with sanitary rules. In this case, natural light should be used as much as possible. Illumination indicators for industrial premises must comply with established standards.
For the cold shop and premises for preparing cream and finishing cakes and pastries in the confectionery shop, a north-west orientation is provided, as well as protection from insolation (blinds, special glass and devices that reflect thermal radiation).
To illuminate industrial premises and warehouses, it is necessary to use lamps in a moisture-proof design. Workplaces should not be shiny. Fluorescent lamps, placed in rooms with rotating equipment (universal drives, dough mixers, cream beaters, disc knives) must have lamps installed in antiphase. Lamps should not be placed above stoves, technological equipment, or cutting tables. If necessary, workplaces are equipped additional sources lighting. Lighting devices must have protective fittings.
The glazed surfaces of windows and openings, lighting fixtures and fittings must be kept clean and cleaned when dirty.
More on the topic Hygienic requirements for artificial lighting:
- Hygienic requirements for natural and artificial lighting of pharmacies, warehouses for small wholesale trade of pharmaceutical products.
Artificial lighting can be general, local or combined.
Hygienic assessment of artificial lighting includes: determining the level of illumination of the required area, characterizing the light source and fittings.
Illumination- the ratio of the luminous flux incident on a surface to the area of this surface. Express illumination in lux (lx).
When calculating illumination, the following are taken into account: the complexity of the technological process and, consequently, the degree of visual strain; duration and intensity of visual work; contrast between the lighting of the workplace and the surrounding background.
Light sources- incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. Their hygienic characteristics are different and are determined by the following properties of the lamps:
· the share of energy converted by the lamp into light;
· thermal radiation;
· spectral characteristics of visible radiation;
· stability of the luminous flux.
Electric incandescent lamps- these are light sources with an emitter in the form of a tungsten filament or spiral, heated by electric current to 2500-3300 o C. The higher the temperature of the filament, the greater the part of the emitted energy is perceived in the form of light, i.e. the more economical the lamp is. However, as the filament temperature of tungsten increases, the rate of its evaporation also increases, which shortens the life of the lamp. Currently, in order to reduce the rate of tungsten evaporation and make lamps more economical, they are filled with a krypton-xenon mixture. Since the presence of inert gas causes additional power losses, low-power lamps (40 W or less), which have the lowest efficiency, are made hollow (vacuum).
Incandescent lamps have a number of disadvantages:
· low efficiency;
· strong thermal radiation;
· a small fraction of energy converted into light - (vacuum about 7%, krypton-xenon - up to 13%);
· lamp filaments are extremely bright for the eyes;
· unlike daylight, visible radiation is dominated by yellow and red parts of the spectrum, which complicates color perception and color discrimination;
· the light flux contains almost no ultraviolet rays characteristic of sunlight.
Fluorescent lamps characterized by double energy conversion: electrical energy is converted into ultraviolet radiation energy, and ultraviolet radiation energy into the visible glow of luminescent substances.
A fluorescent lamp is a sealed glass tube filled with mercury vapor and argon. A fine-crystalline luminescent substance is applied to the inner surface of the tube. Electrodes made of tungsten spirals are soldered into both ends of the tube. An electric current passing through a gaseous medium between the electrodes causes the mercury vapor to glow and form UV rays. By affecting the phosphor, ultraviolet rays cause it to glow.
Depending on the type of phosphor and the proportion of the mixture, fluorescent light (DS), white light (WL), cool white light (CWL) and warm white light (WL) lamps are produced. Fluorescent lamps are characterized by insignificant radiation in the red part of the spectrum, which brings their radiation closer to daylight, but at the same time distorts the transmission of red and orange tones. BS and TBS lamps produce less intense radiation in the blue violet region than DS lamps. Therefore, fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate rooms that require a subtle difference in colors and shades.
The energy converted into light in fluorescent lamps is 3-4 times greater than incandescent lamps, and thermal radiation is negligible. The service life of fluorescent lamps is 3 times longer than incandescent lamps.
However, a serious disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the fluctuation of the luminous flux - stroboscopic effect. It represents multiple virtual images of moving objects, which causes visual fatigue, distorted perception of moving objects and can cause occupational injuries. To prevent the stroboscopic effect, it is necessary to turn on several closely spaced fluorescent lamps in different phases of a three-phase electrical network.
The above differences in the hygienic assessment of light sources are taken into account when choosing them for lighting rooms for various purposes.
For lighting industrial premises, it is recommended to use mainly incandescent lamps. In warehouses, lamps with fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should be used. In storerooms, incandescent lamps in lamps must be covered with silicate glass.
The brightness of the luminous surface of fluorescent lamps is insignificant, but to prevent visual fatigue, they, like incandescent lamps, are enclosed in special fittings.
Armature is a device designed to rationally redistribute the light flux, protect the eyes from excessive brightness, protect the light source from mechanical damage, and the environment from fragments in the event of possible destruction of the lamp.
An important hygienic characteristic of fittings is light distribution, i.e. distribution of illumination in space. When choosing a lamp, in addition to light distribution, the degree of protection of the light source from environmental influences is taken into account, which is especially important in damp, dusty rooms, rooms with a chemically active environment, etc.
Lamps(light sources in fittings), depending on the distribution of light, are divided into four groups:
Direct light fixtures- direct about 90% of the light onto the illuminated surface, but sharp shadows and glare may appear on them.
Lamps with predominantly reflected light- their lower spherical part is made of milk glass, and the upper part is made of frosted glass. In this case, about 65-70% of the light flux is directed to the upper part of the lamp. Such lamps are used in those rooms where diffuse lighting is required.
Indirect light fixtures- direct the entire light flux to the ceiling. Rays of light are reflected at different angles from the ceiling and the top of the walls, as a result of which shadows almost completely disappear.
Ambient light fixtures- create completely satisfactory lighting conditions: their glare is insignificant, no sharp shadows are formed on the illuminated surfaces. However, they, like reflected light lamps, absorb a significant portion of the light.
It is prohibited to use lamps with reflectors or diffusers made of flammable materials. In refrigerated food chambers, luminaires approved for low temperatures should be used. Lamps must have protective shades with a metal mesh to protect against damage and glass getting on products. An important hygienic requirement is the timely cleaning of lamps, since dirty fittings reduce the illumination of workplaces by 25-30%.
At food enterprises, natural and artificial lighting is designed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP “Natural and artificial lighting. Design standards".
Sanitary requirements for lighting of public catering establishments. Natural and artificial lighting in all production, warehouse, sanitary and administrative premises must comply with sanitary rules. In this case, natural light should be used as much as possible. Illumination indicators for industrial premises must comply with established standards.
For the cold shop and premises for preparing cream and finishing cakes and pastries in the confectionery shop, a north-west orientation is provided, as well as protection from insolation (blinds, special glass and devices that reflect thermal radiation).
To illuminate industrial premises and warehouses, it is necessary to use lamps in a moisture-proof design. Workplaces should not be shiny. Fluorescent lamps placed in rooms with rotating equipment (universal drives, dough mixers, cream beaters, disc knives) must have lamps installed in antiphase. Lamps should not be placed above stoves, technological equipment, or cutting tables. If necessary, workplaces are equipped with additional lighting sources. Lighting devices must have protective fittings.
The glazed surfaces of windows and openings, lighting fixtures and fittings must be kept clean and cleaned when dirty.
Natural lighting.
All educational premises must have natural lighting in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
Without natural lighting it is allowed to design: squat rooms, washrooms, showers, toilets in the gymnasium; showers and toilets for staff; storerooms and warehouses, radio centers; film and photo laboratories; book depositories; boiler rooms, pumping water supply and sewerage systems; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; premises for storing disinfectants.
In classrooms, natural left-side lighting should be designed. When the depth of classrooms is more than 6 m, it is necessary to install right-side lighting, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the floor.
The direction of the main light flux in front and behind the students is not allowed.
In workshops for labor training, assembly and sports halls, two-way side natural lighting can be used.
Indoors educational institutions standardized values of the coefficient of natural illumination (KEO) are provided in accordance with hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
In classrooms with one-way side natural lighting, the KEO on the working surface of the desks at the point of the room farthest from the windows should be at least 1.5%. With two-way side natural lighting, the KEO indicator is calculated on the middle rows and should be 1.5%.
The luminous coefficient (LC - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface to the floor area) must be at least 1:6.
The windows of classrooms should be oriented to the southern, southeastern and eastern sides of the horizon. The windows of drawing and painting rooms, as well as the kitchen room, can be oriented towards the northern sides of the horizon. The orientation of computer science classrooms is north, northeast.
Light openings in classrooms, depending on the climate zone, are equipped with adjustable sun-shading devices (tilt-and-turn blinds, fabric curtains) with a length not lower than the level of the window sill.
It is recommended to use curtains made of light-colored fabrics that have a sufficient degree of light transmission and good light-diffusing properties, which should not reduce the level of natural light. The use of curtains (curtains), including curtains with lambrequins, made of polyvinyl chloride film and other curtains or devices that limit natural light, is not permitted.
When not in use, curtains must be placed in the walls between the windows.
To rationally use daylight and uniformly illuminate classrooms, you should:
Do not paint over window glass;
Do not place flowers on window sills; they are placed in portable flower boxes 65 - 70 cm high from the floor or hanging flowerpots in the walls between the windows;
Clean and wash glass as it gets dirty, but at least twice a year (autumn and spring).
The duration of insolation in classrooms and classrooms must be continuous, with a duration of at least:
2.5 hours in the northern zone (north of 58 degrees N);
2.0 hours in the central zone (58 - 48 degrees N);
1.5 hours in the southern zone (south of 48 degrees N).
It is allowed that there is no insolation in classrooms for computer science, physics, chemistry, drawing and drawing, sports gyms, catering facilities, assembly halls, and administrative and utility rooms.
Artificial lighting
In all premises of a general education institution, levels of artificial illumination are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
In classrooms, the general lighting system is provided by ceiling lamps. Fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps according to the color spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.
Lamps used for artificial lighting of classrooms must provide a favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view, which is limited by the discomfort indicator (Mt). The discomfort index of a general lighting lighting installation for any workplace in a classroom should not exceed 40 units.
Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should not be used in the same room for general lighting.
In classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, illumination levels must comply with the following standards: on desktops - 300 - 500 lux, in technical drawing and drawing rooms - 500 lux, in computer science classrooms on tables - 300 - 500 lux, on a blackboard - 300 - 500 lux, in assembly and sports halls (on the floor) - 200 lux, in recreation (on the floor) - 150 lux.
When using computer technology and the need to combine the perception of information from the screen and writing in a notebook, the illumination on students’ desks should be at least 300 lux.
A general lighting system should be used in classrooms. Lamps with fluorescent lamps are located parallel to the light-carrying wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner wall.
A blackboard that does not have its own glow is equipped with local lighting - spotlights designed to illuminate blackboards.
When designing an artificial lighting system for classrooms, it is necessary to provide for separate switching of lamp lines.
For the rational use of artificial light and uniform illumination of classrooms, it is necessary to use finishing materials and paints that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients: for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.9; for walls - 0.5 - 0.7; for the floor - 0.4 - 0.5; for furniture and desks - 0.45; for chalkboards - 0.1 - 0.2.
It is recommended to use the following paint colors: for ceilings - white, for walls of classrooms - light tones of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue; for furniture (cabinets, desks) - the color of natural wood or light green; for chalkboards - dark green, dark brown; for doors, window frames - white.
It is necessary to clean the lighting fixtures of the lamps as they become dirty, but at least 2 times a year, and promptly replace burnt-out lamps.
Faulty, burnt-out fluorescent lamps are collected in a container in a specially designated room and sent for disposal in accordance with current regulations.
