Tree of the Rosaceae family, evergreen
The first letter is "l"
Second letter "a"
Third letter "v"
The last letter is "I"
Answer for the clue "Tree of the Rosaceae family, evergreen", 10 letters:
cherry laurel
Alternative crossword puzzle questions for the word cherry laurel
Evergreen trees and shrubs
Medicinal plant
Fruit and ornamental plant of the Rosaceae family
Plant of the family Rosaceae
Evergreen
Plant of the Rosaceae family
Definition of the word laurel in dictionaries
Wikipedia
Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Cherry laurel is an evergreen plant; species of the subgenus Cherry of the genus Plum. According to one version, the plant received this name because its leaves are similar to laurel leaves, and its fruits are similar to cherries.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov
laurel cherries, r. pl. lavrovishen, w. (bot.). Shrub or tree from the Rosaceae family.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
(Laurocerasus), a genus of evergreen trees or shrubs of the Rosaceae family. The leaves are petiolate, mostly leathery, serrated, toothed or entire. The flowers are small, white, in narrow racemes. The fruit is a juicy drupe, the pulp is sweet or bitter,...
Examples of the use of the word laurel cherry in literature.
He once again looked into a huge, kilometer-long hole, overgrown here and there with bushes of pine trees, hazel, rhododendron and cherry laurel.
After all the evergreen shrubs known to me were confidently named - and cherry laurel, and holly, and Pontic rhododendron - the group was already so confident in my authority that I became scared: after all, one additional question - and my botanical ignorance would inevitably appear.
I went downstairs and began to round up the goats, scattered in the blackberry bushes, small hazelnut bushes, and dogwood thickets, cherry laurel and ferns.
Yellow leaves swirled and flashed in the white foam of Kodera cherry laurel, like small, agile salmon, I sat on the rocks above the river and thought that, probably, seagulls and cormorants also mistake the leaves for fish and are deceived, which is why they scream so offendedly, there, to the right, behind the trees, where the sea splashes.
Hyrcanus believes that tea from cherry laurel will help your lungs cleanse, my lord.
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Introduction
1. General characteristics Rosaceae family: distribution, flower structure, fruit morphology, leaf.
3 Species of the Rosaceae family
3.1 Principles of protection
Literature
Introduction
Family Rosaceae (pink) - ROSACEA
This is one of the largest families of flowering plants. It includes about 100 genera and 3000 species of higher plants. They are distributed almost throughout the globe in areas where flowering plants can live. However, their distribution areas are predominantly in the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere. In plant communities, representatives of the Rosaceae usually do not play a dominant role, but they are one of the most important families of the plant world for humans.
The family includes:
· Trees (apple tree, plum tree). However, trees in the subfamily are rare.
· Shrubs and subshrubs (raspberries), they make up the bulk of plants in this family.
· Herbs. Among the herbaceous Rosaceae, annuals are occasionally found (some cuffs, types of cinquefoils), but most are rhizomatous perennials, often forming rosettes and plagiotropic shoots that serve to capture territory and vegetative propagation. Everyone knows the above-ground stolons (tendrils) devoid of leaves, which take root at the tops and form rosettes of leaves, from the axils of which new stolons grow. With the help of stolons, cinquefoil (Potentilla anserina), stonewort (Rubus saxatilis) and other species of Rosaceae crawl in all directions.
Botanical description. The leaves of plants in the rose family are simple or more common
pinnate, or palmate, with constant, and in many species even
adherent to the petiole, or falling stipules; only for some forms
stipules are rudimentary or absent at all. The flowers are regular (only for
some Chrysobalaneae irregular), bisexual, rarely unisexual, collected
in various inflorescences. The perianth is double, consisting of a calyx and
corolla, and in some representatives an additional subchassis develops, formed
from the stipules of the sepals. The perianth is attached to the edge of the saucer (at
Potentilleae, Rubeae), pitcher-shaped (in Roseae) or narrow-tubular (in
Cercocarpus) receptacle. To the edge of the receptacle, as well as to its upper flat
stamens are attached to the surface. The pistils sit in the center of the receptacle, and at
In some forms, this part of the receptacle protrudes above the flower in the form of a dome.
There are usually many stamens, but sometimes there are 5 or even 1-2; threads of stamens
long, especially at the peripheral stamens, and curved towards the center of the flower.
1 or many pistils; the column is often lateral or main; ovary larger
partly single-seeded. The receptacle often takes part in the formation of the fetus,
so that the fruit becomes false, and where there are many pistils, complex,
for example, in strawberries the receptacle becomes fleshy and juicy, and the fruits, nuts,
scattered over the entire surface of such a fleshy, complex and false fruit,
commonly called "berry"; raspberry fruits - drupes - are dressed with a cap
almost spherical receptacle; a rose (rose hip) has a pitcher-shaped receptacle
grows around fruits - nuts, becomes fleshy and brightly colored.
The seeds are usually proteinless, rarely (in Canotia, Euphronia, Spiraea) with
protein. The embryo is straight. The most interesting genera of the Rosaceae order:
Subfamily Rosaceae (Rosoideae), fruits - nuts, multi-nuts,
multidrupe, often with hypanthium involved in fetal formation: Cuff
(Alchemilla), Dryas, Strawberry (Fragaria), Kerria, Cinquefoil
(Potentilla), Rose (Rosa), Rubus (Rubus), Burnet (Sanguisorba).
Subfamily Spiraeoideae, fruit - leaflet, rarely capsule:
Volzhanka (Aruncus), Physocarpus, Quillaja,
Fieldfare (Sorbaria), Spiraea (Spiraea).
Apple subfamily (Pomaceae), fruit - apple: Aronia, Cotoneaster
(Cotoneaster), Hawthorn (Crataegus), Apple (Malus), Photinia,
Pear (Pyrus), Rowan (Sorbus).
Subfamily Almond (Amygdaloideae) or Plum (Prunoideae), fruit - drupe: Plum (Prunus), etc.
1. General characteristics of the Rosaceae family: distribution, structure of flower, fruit, leaf.
Rosaceae leaf
They have predominantly alternate, sometimes opposite, simple, rarely complex leaves. Leaves may be equipped with stipules.
Flower structure
Most of the representatives of the family are entomophilous plants. Many produce large amounts of pollen or secrete nectar that is available to various insects.
- The flower of plants of the Rosaceae family is actinomorphic, usually bisexual, with a five-, less often - three-four-membered perianth. The flowers are quite uniform in structure. The flowers are white, pink, bright red, reddish, less often yellow, but never blue. There are no pronounced adaptations to various pollination agents.
- Sepals, petals and stamens are arranged in inner edge a more or less clearly defined and usually concave, often goblet or saucer-shaped floral tube - hypanthium.
- The stamens are arranged in circles. Their number is indefinite or 2-4 times the number of petals, and can be reduced to 4-1.
- The lower part of the hypanthium is an overgrown receptacle, the upper part of the hypanthium is the fused bases of the petals, sepals and stamens.
- In the center of the hypanthium there are from 1 to many carpels.
- The carpels are free, less often fused, and can form an inferior or semiinferior ovary with the hypanthium. On the inner surface of the hypanthium, between the place of attachment of the stamens and carpels, there is nectar-bearing tissue, which has the shape of a thickened disk.
- Ovules are anatropic.
Reproduction
Rosaceae reproduce by seeds, but vegetative propagation also plays an important role in their distribution. Most herbs spread using plagiotropic shoots and underground rhizomes. So, for example, raspberries and blackberries “run across” from the planting site to neighboring areas. Underground raspberry shoots are able to penetrate any barrier. Blackberries, taking root at the tops of their above-ground shoots, form dense and prickly thickets.
Fetal morphology
- Rosaceae fruits are dry or juicy, leaflets, boxes, nuts, drupes, apples, that is, the fruits are varied and adapted to in various ways distribution (anemochory and various forms of zoochory). The growing hypanthium is involved in the formation of the fetus in many births.
- The seeds do not have endosperm.
2. Characteristics of Rosaceae using the example of some families
The Rosaceae family is divided into 4 subfamilies mainly based on differences in fruit morphology:
- Spiraea (Spiraeoideae) - fruit - leaflet, rarely capsule;
- Rosaceae (Rosoideae) - fruit nuts, polynuts, polydrupes, often with hypanthium involved in the formation of the fruit;
- apple (Maloideae) - fruit - apple;
- plum (Prunoideae) - fruit - drupe.
2.1 Subfamily Roses (Rosoideae)
Representatives of the subfamily Rosoideae occupy a habitat from tundra and highlands to boreal and tropical mountain forests. Many species of cuffs and cinquefoils reach the limits of vegetation in the mountains. Some species reach northern and
southern limits of distribution of flowering plants in the Arctic and Antarctic.
In the temperate zone, Rosaceae are often found in open grassy areas, in light forests, on forest edges, along the banks of rivers and streams, in grassy swamps, and bush thickets. There are few xerophytes among them.
Along with shrubs that have perennial above-ground shoots, this subfamily has a special type of shrub with a shortened life cycle of above-ground axes, characteristic of the genus Rubus. These are blackberries, raspberries. They have a long-living underground stem, on which a vegetative, initially almost herbaceous shoot - turion - is formed annually, from the axils of the leaves of which short generative shoots are formed the following year, producing flowers and fruits. After the fruits ripen, all
the shoot dies in the second year, leaving a renewal bud at its base
next year's escape. This type of shrub, which is transitional to
perennial herbs. In extreme conditions, shrubs can take on a trellis shape.
Pink leaves: alternate, simple or complex (pinnate, palmate,
trifoliate). They are free or fused and adherent to the petiole
stipules. The leaf petioles and stems of shrubs are often lined with spines (outgrowths of the epidermis and underlying tissues).
Flowers pink in open few or multi-flowered dichasias, often forming corymbose, paniculate, racemose, spike-shaped or capitate inflorescences. Sometimes single. Sepals 5(4), petals usually also 5(4-
9). Many species that have pronounced stipules have
an outer calyx with lobes smaller than those of the main calyx.
The spiral calyx of many types of roses has a characteristic structure. Its two lower sepals are pinnately incised or with appendages, somewhat reminiscent of pinnate vegetative leaves, the upper two are entire, and the middle one has appendages on only one side. Stamens from 1-4 to an indefinite number. Carpels from 1 to many, free from each other and from the hypanthium. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or erect. Flowers of many species secrete nectar. Its quantity is very different: from
abundant, forming drops in some rubuses, to barely noticeable in
Potentillas Flowers sometimes have pronounced protogyny or protandry. Anthers
all open at the same time (for some roses) or more often they open first
anthers of external stamens. Internal stamens with still closed anthers
gradually move apart as the diameter of the flower increases and release
ripening stigmas. An arriving insect using the stigma as a landing pad
platform, leaves pollen of other flowers on them, and making its way outside,
gets dirty with pollen from the same flower. In cloudy weather, the flowers are half-closed, and
then self-pollination occurs.
Some species of the subfamily have unisexual or polygamous flowers, plants with
These are dioecious, less often monoecious or polygynous dioecious. Populations of males and
female specimens can be separated by large distances.
Pink fruits seed, indehiscent, nuts or drupes, in general
polynut or polydrupe. Hypanthium is involved in the formation
fetus The nuts are often enclosed in an overgrown dry (cuff) or fleshy
(rose) hypanthium, can sit on a convex fleshy (in strawberries) or spongy (in
cinquefoil) receptacle. Drupes sit like a thimble on a conical outgrowth
receptacle (in raspberries) and sometimes even grow to it (in blackberries).
When the fruits are dry, the columns often remain and increase in size, and
also sepals. When the fruit spreads, the bright color attracts birds. The fruits of blackberries, raspberries, cloudberries, and roses are carried by birds over long distances.
The fragrant fruits of Rosaceae attract mammals and reptiles. The fruits of some cinquefoils have elaiosomes at the base of the pericarp - oil-filled bodies that are loved by ants, who take the fruits to a distance of several meters.
Another group of fruits is adapted to epizoochory. At the slightest touch
The fruits collected in heads are attached to animal fur or clothing.
It can be very difficult to get rid of them. In Gravilata species (Geum), the clinging hook on the nut is the lower segment of the style, lengthening in the fruit, while
the upper segment breaks off at the point of articulation.
In open areas, some pink ones are spread by the wind, so some types of cinquefoils and cuffs have very small fruits, which have long feathery-hairy columns at the tops - a flying machine.
The fruits of marsh cinquefoil, some cinquefoils and other species of the family can float for up to 15 months; they spread through the water. A dense wax coating protects them from water penetration, and the stalk serves for balance. Parts of plants can also float and then take root, for example shoots of dryads, this is especially typical for arctic plants.
Many representatives of the rose subfamily are cultivated, used by humans in agriculture and industry, and are of great pharmaceutical importance.
2.2 Subfamily Spiraeoideae
Representatives of this subfamily are considered the most primitive Rosaceae. In total there are about 20 genera and about 180 species. Of these, about 100
species belong to the genus Spiraea. Spiraea are distributed mainly in the northern hemisphere, found on the continents of Eurasia (especially in East and Central Asia and the Himalayas), and in North America. Some species of the genus Neillia reach the mountains to Sumatra and Java, and the genera Quillaja and Kageneckia are common in the mountains of Bolivia, Peru and Chile - that is, in the southern hemisphere. Of the 100 species of the genus Spiraea, only 13 are found in Northern
America, however, more than half of the births (there are 11 in total) are associated with the American continent. In Central America, Mexico and South America there are groups of archaic genera.
Spiraea–deciduous, less often evergreen shrubs or low trees,
perennial herbs or subshrubs with whole or pinnate leaves, with
stipules or without them (in spirea and related genera). Flowers in brushes,
panicles, simple or complex scutes. The hypanthium is flat or bell-shaped,
genus Quilaja - five-lobed. Carpels are usually 2–5, less often 1–8, free
or more or less fused (in vesicular carp, some Spira and genera
Quillajeae tribe). Carpels with two - many, usually
hanging ovules. The fruits are leaflets that open along the inner seam and
often also dorsally. In the genera Lindleya, Vauquelinia,
exochorda (Exochorda) fruits are box-shaped.
Spiraea habitat: mountains, forest belt, open spaces warmed by the sun, rocky areas, slopes of gorges, river banks. They can form bush thickets, some are xerophytes and live even in the desert: a relict of ancient mesophilic forest flora, endemic to Kazakhstan, Spireanthus, or Schrenk's meadowsweet with long and narrow pinnate leaves and large racemes of pale pink fragrant flowers.
Spiraea flowers
The flowers have a strong aroma and produce nectar that is accessible to many
insects. Protection of the ovules from damage is achieved by placing a more or less concave hypanthium at the bottom. The anthers open gradually.
Protogyny, self-pollination due to long stamen filaments. In some species, the flowers are unisexual (in Kagenekia, Sibirka, Exochorda, Volzhanka), and the plants can be monoecious or polygynous-dioecious.
Seeds and fruits
Seeds spill out onto the ground when the fruit cracks and spread air currents, they have a small size, a ruddy seed coat, a wing or long hairs on the fruit. The leaflets of the bladderwort are swollen,
which allows them to float like little balloons.
2.3 Subfamily Maloideae
The apple subfamily includes 22–23 genera, about 600 species.
Habitat: temperate, subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere. Dominant species: hawthorn (Crataegus, up to 200 species in the northern temperate zone), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster, about 100 species in Eurasia, especially in the Himalayas and China, and North Africa), rowan (Sorbus, up to 100 species in the northern temperate zone) , apple (Malus, 25–30 species in the northern temperate zone) and pear (25 species, mainly in Eurasia). Mountain plants predominate among apple trees. Most types of apple trees, pears,
cotoneasters, mountain ash grow in light woodlands of mountain slopes or along mountain
gorges, single trees or groves. In the undergrowth in the lower tier of the mountains
forests, some of them (rowans, cotoneasters) rise to the upper border
forest belt and enter the subalpine zone. Representatives of the same genera
go beyond the Arctic Circle. In the tropics, few representatives of apple trees
also live in the mountains.
Apple leaves simple, entire, lobed, pinnately complex.
Shortened shoots often end in a thorn (in apple trees,
pears). Hawthorn has sharp thorns.
Flowers single or in bunches, sometimes collected in complex racemes or corymbose inflorescences, which are located at the end of short or elongated shoots. There are 1(2) – 5 carpels in the flower; they are fused together ventrally and fused dorsally to the hypanthium. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior. Ovules 2 (rarely 1 or 3–
4) or there are many of them (20–24). The flowers are bright: white, pink, orange, bright red, and have a pronounced aroma. Nectar is easily accessible to insects. Cotoneaster flowers have hidden nectar and are adapted to pollination by long-proboscis
insects. The flowers are usually homogamous or protogynous. Protogyny is characteristic of apple trees, cotoneasters, and pears.
Fruit fleshy: apples, large or small, berry-like, often with sepals remaining at the top. Carpels or their inner walls as
fruit formations become stony (“pits” in hawthorns,
cotoneasters, medlars) or cartilaginous, parchment, leathery (in quince,
serviceberry, apple, pear). On a cross-section of a fruit (pear, apple tree), you can see the border between the hypanthium tissue and the ovary tissue. Apple trees are entomophilous plants. Rowan trees, some apple trees and possibly hawthorns often produce seeds apomictically. Apomixis, hybridization and polyploidization are the main causes of polymorphism in these genera. The fruits of hawthorn, rowan, and serviceberry are the main food for birds in autumn and winter. Large fruits are more often eaten by mammals. Pears in the Caucasus, for example, are distributed mainly by wild boars and bears.
2.4 Subfamily Prunoideae
There are over 400 species in the plum subfamily. How many genera are there in the plum subfamily? There is still no generally accepted answer to this question. Many prominent
botany, including the American dendrologist A. Reder (1940, 1949) and
Irish botanist D. A. Webb (1968), combine plum (Prunus, in the most
narrow understanding of the volume of the genus), peach (Persica), almond (Amygdalus), apricot
(Armeniaca), cherry and cherry (Cerasus), bird cherry (Padus) and cherry laurel
(Laurocerasus) into one large genus Prunus. Combining all these
plants into one genus is motivated by their very large systematic proximity
(almonds and peach, apricot and plum are especially close to each other). This closeness
is expressed, in particular, in the ease of their hybridization (hybrid “genus”
"Amygdalopersica", "Armenoprunus", etc.). Therefore, the taxa listed above
are considered as subgenera and sections of the genus Prunus in its broad sense,
numbering at least 400 species, distributed mainly in
temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere (a few in the Andes
South America and the tropics of the eastern hemisphere). However, the English botanist J.
Hutchinson (1964), who understood the genus Prunus quite broadly, still
recognized the independence of the genera bird cherry, cherry laurel and pygeum.
Many other botanists also recognize the generic independence of cherries.
(together with cherries), apricots, almonds and peach. They motivate this by saying that
these taxa are usually well distinguished by fruits, leaves in bud formation
(folded lengthwise or tubularly rolled up), the number of axillary buds, the presence
or the absence of apical buds, the nature of the arrangement of flowers, etc.
For a satisfactory solution to the question of the rank of these taxa (genus, subgenus
or section) a comprehensive comparative study of all
plum subfamily using modern methods systematics. For
In our further presentation, this issue is not of significant importance.
Most plum trees are light-loving plants and live in open
mountain slopes, in the undergrowth of deciduous or mixed and pine forests in the lower and
middle mountain zones. Many species are the main element of mountain
tree and shrub thickets. Some species like evergreen cherry laurel
tropical rain forests.
They are distributed mainly in North America and Eurasia, found in the Andean regions of South America, in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Northern Australia. Most plum trees are light-loving plants and live on open mountain slopes, in the undergrowth of deciduous or mixed and pine forests in the lower and middle mountain zones. Many species are the main element of mountain
tree and shrub thickets. Some types like evergreen cherry laurel
pharmacy (Laurocerasus officinalis), very shade-tolerant and can grow under
canopy of dark coniferous mountain forests, and moisture-loving species are very close to
cherry laurel and the not universally recognized tropical genus pygeum grow in
tropical rain forests.
These are deciduous or evergreen trees. These include bird cherry, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, and almond.
Leaves: often simple, entire leaves, with free, usually falling leaves
stipules. On the petioles of the leaf blade at the base, at the ends
The denticles may contain glands, sometimes acting as extrafloral nectaries.
Flowers single or in bunches, brushes, scutes that end the shoots of the current season or sit on the shoots of the previous season. The flowers have a tubular or
bell-shaped hypanthium. At its bottom there is usually one
carpel with 2 pendulous ovules. Hypanthium in fetal formation is not
participates, dries up and falls off. Flowering occurs before or simultaneously with the appearance of leaves, sometimes very early in spring. The trees are unusually beautiful at this time, emit a strong smell that attracts insects that suck nectar or eat pollen and pollinate the flowers. Nectar is separated in most species by nectar-bearing tissue at the base of the hypanthium. The flowers are usually protogynous.
Fetus: juicy drupe, with hard, stony endocarp. In almonds, the mesocarp is dry, cracking by the time the fruit ripens.
Flowering occurs before leaves appear or
simultaneously with it, sometimes very early in the spring. Trees are unusual at this time
beautiful, they seem to be covered with a white or pink haze and spread a strong
a smell that attracts myriads of insects: small beetles, hoverflies, bees, bumblebees,
wasps, butterflies - which suck nectar or eat pollen and pollinate flowers. Nectar
separated in most species by nectar-bearing tissue at the base of the hypanthium.
The flowers are usually protogynous. Some representatives, for example
of the Himalayan-Chinese genus Maddenia, polygamous dioecy is observed.
The main distributors of seeds are birds, and less often mammals.
Sparrows, starlings, jackdaws, rooks, thrushes, jays, and beetles instantly devastate
fruit bearing trees. How successful their actions can be judged by a quick
recent expansion of some species. Many plums have successfully
They also reproduce vegetatively by forming root suckers. All plants
this subfamily has great economic value for humans as
fruit plants. The culture of plum and cherry plum has been known since ancient times,
cherries and cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds. Subgenus or genus name
Cerasus, which includes cherries and sweet cherries, comes from the city of Kerazund
One of the ports of Pontus (Asia Minor), where the cherry came from, Pliny agreed,
brought to Rome by consul Lucullus (1st century BC). Cherry in the wild
the common one is also unknown. Wild steppe was involved in its origin
bush cherry (Prunus fruticosa, or Cerasus fruticosa).
Reproduction features: plum trees successfully reproduce vegetatively through the formation of root suckers. Thorn (Prunus spinosa) produces abundant shoots from surface roots and grows into dense thickets along ravines and river banks.
3 Species of the Rosaceae family
The wide distribution of Rosaceae led to the formation of not only numerous genera, but also a huge number of species that are characteristic of almost all continents, some of them very exotic. The highest representative of deciduous trees also belongs to the pink group.
The South American genus Polylepis lives in the Andes at altitudes up to
5200 m above sea level. Polylepis forests that exist in harsh conditions
with cold summers and winters, with constant drying winds and physiological
dry soil are a unique phenomenon in the plant world.
Some species of the subfamily have unisexual or polygamous flowers
(in cloudberries - Rubus chamaemorus, dryads, in those growing on the Canary Islands and on
Madeira island species of bencomia - Bencomia, in the Mediterranean genus
Sarcopotherium, African genus Cliforthia, etc.), plants in this case
dioecious, less often monoecious or polygynous-dioecious. Populations of males and
female specimens can be separated by large distances like this
observed in tundra cloudberry or clifforthia. Dioeciousness in species
burnet (Sanguisorbeae) is accompanied by a transition to wind pollination and
corresponding morphological changes in the structure of flowers. If you
entomophilous burnet (S. officinalis), which has bisexual
flowers, inflorescences are bright red-purple, stamens are short, straight, stigmas
compact, then in the wind-pollinated burnet (S. minor), burnet
hybrid (S. liyhrida) and other flowers are devoid of petals, collected in green
heads on long stalks, filaments long, stamens strongly protruding
above the inflorescence, and the stigmas are branched and racemose. Upper flowers in the head
female, middle bisexual, lower male. Wind-pollinated burnets grow
usually in open dry spaces where the wind blows freely,
carrying out pollination. Petalless flowers of the species are also wind pollinated
American genera Cercocarpus and Polylepis, opinion and some others
pink. Arctic cloudberry is a plant that is special in that its flowers are very sensitive to frost, therefore abundant fruiting
rarely observed. In addition, there is little space in heavily overgrown sphagnum bogs
for seed germination, therefore creeping cloudberry shoots penetrate moss swamps in all directions, at different depths and, reaching the surface, form
annual ground shoots that develop flowers and leaves.
3.1 Principles of protection
Some plants of the Rosaceae family are on the verge of extinction. The reasons are numerous. Some of them are related to economic
human activities: plowing land, grazing livestock, draining swamps,
construction of cities and industrial enterprises, airfields, automobile
And railways, power lines. All this leads to alienation
areas occupied by natural vegetation. To the extinction of a number of species
plants are also caused by pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, degradation
soil cover, disruption of the stability of biological systems. Another reason for the disappearance of plants is changes in the environment not related to human activity: volcanic eruptions, severe droughts, the onset of deserts, mountain avalanches and mudflows, forest and steppe fires of non-anthropogenic origin. Some species with reduced adaptive capabilities die, unable to adapt to changing environmental conditions, unable to withstand competition from other species. This especially applies to endemic plants.
The protection of these plant species is the most important state task. Nature reserves, sanctuaries, and other protected areas play a predominant role in the protection of these plants. The entire natural complex or part of it may be preserved there. In this regard, plants develop in familiar areas and are not destroyed by humans; specialists contribute to their spread. One of the forms of protection of rare and endangered species is the creation of Red Books, which contain information about the past and current distribution, number of species, brief data on their biological characteristics, and on taken and recommended protection measures. The protection of rare plant species is also carried out by prohibiting any actions (digging, breaking off, damaging) in relation to the protected species throughout its range, maintaining favorable conditions for the existence of this species and surrounding vegetation, as well as partial use useful species plants according to established regime operation. One of the ways to protect rare and endangered plants is to cultivate these species in botanical gardens and experimental stations. Tourist routes often pass through places where rare plants grow. As a result of poor awareness, tourists often
contribute to their destruction by picking off any flower that gets in the way. Important on
in fact, to protect these plants, to protect them from “bouquet lovers”, from
immoderate collectors of medicinal plants, and this can be achieved with
with the help of many friends of nature. One of the important measures for plant protection can be educational activities in educational institutions¸ correct instruction of tourists on routes, placement of this important information in the media.
4. Application of plants of the Rosaceae family
Rose subfamily gave humanity huge amount useful
plants. The fruits of many rubuses are eaten: raspberries, blackberries (dark-fruited species belonging to the subgenus Rubus, especially abundant in Europe), princelings (Rubus areticus) and cloudberries. Even among wild species, the fruits are tasty, accessible and nutritious. However, the selection of cultural forms began with the raspberry crop only about 150 years ago. Blackberry selection is also underway, the fruits of some hybrid blackberries reach a length of 5-6 cm, all wild strawberries (especially the common or forest strawberry - Fragaria vesca). Due to the high content
tannins, flavones, pectin and other substances, as well as sugars and acids
many members of the subfamily are used in medicine. Fruits, leaves,
Strawberry and raspberry flowers are ancient folk remedies for colds. From rhizomes
Cinquefoils (especially galangal - Potentilla erecta) are obtained as astringents.
Rose hips (wild roses) contain a large number of different vitamins, some of them 10 times more than oranges and lemons. Rose hips also have a choleretic effect; the drug holosas is prepared from them. Rose flowers are a source of rose oil, which is used in perfumery, cosmetics and medicine. Many Rosaceae are valued as ornamental plants, among which roses have a special place. In Western Europe and Africa, faded female flowers of Hagenia Abyssinian are used for medicinal purposes (as a remedy for tapeworms). Fruits, leaves, flowers of strawberries, raspberries are ancient folk remedies for colds. Strawberry and raspberry tea was known in Rus' even before
foundation of Moscow.
Subfamily Spiraea: species of spirea, fieldfare, bladderwort, Volzhanka, beautiful large-flowered
exochords have long been firmly established in gardening culture. They are grown in
group and single plantings, sometimes on rocky hills. Dried
the inner bark of the Quilaja soap tree, or Chilean soap tree, containing
up to 10% saponins, has long been used as a mild neutral
active detergent, It comes to Europe in the form of thin long
plates glittering with calcium oxalate crystals are used in the production of eau de toilette, toothpastes, and in medicine in the form of an aqueous extract or alcohol tincture.
Subfamily Appleaceae– the most important fruit crops in temperate latitudes. Numerous (at least 10,000) varieties of apple trees are collectively called the domestic apple tree (Malus domestica). Their origin involved different types wild apple trees. The ancestor of cultivated pear varieties is the common pear, widespread in the wild in Europe, the Caucasus mountains and Central Asia.
For the sake of fruits reaching a weight of 2 kg, it is cultivated in a moderately warm zone
Eurasia and North America quince (Cydonia oblonga). The seeds find it
used in medicine as a laxative, mucus from them is used as
enveloping agent. Quince in antiquity in Mediterranean countries
was considered a symbol of love and fertility and was dedicated to Venus. It is believed that
The “apple of discord” that Paris handed to the most beautiful of the three goddesses was not
nothing other than the fragrant quince fruit. Almost all types of apple trees are also grown as ornamental plants. Cotoneasters, hawthorns, and rowan species are especially valued. They are beautiful not only in bloom, but also in the fall, covered with clusters of brightly colored fruits. Many plants from this subfamily are medicinal. The fruits of rowan are used as a vitamin remedy, and the fruits and flowers of hawthorn are used to prepare heart drinks.
drugs.
Plum subfamily has great economic value for
Human. These are mainly fruit plants. The culture of plums and cherry plums, cherries and cherries, apricots, peaches, and almonds has been known since ancient times. Almonds are used in the confectionery industry to produce almond oil, which is used in medicine and perfumery, and the bitter kernels of wild almonds provide oil for soap making. Plum wood is used for a variety of crafts, turning products,
musical instruments, smoking pipes and mouthpieces, used in
furniture production. Bird cherry wood (Prunus serotina) is considered the second most important hardwood in the United States (after black walnut) for furniture production and finishing work, making cases for devices and tools. Almost all plum trees (except bird cherry) produce gum on their trunks, which finds some use in the preparation of paints, glue and in the confectionery industry. Bird cherry fruits and cherry laurel leaves are used in medicine. All plums are wonderful
early flowering ornamental plants. In culture and
In some places, wild cherries are distributed throughout almost all temperate and subtropical regions.
Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Tasmania, America. Besides the well-known
Many other species of these genera are also grown, and the fruits are also widely used
wild species. In Siberia and the Urals they are used as food (as a filling for
pies and cakes) ground into flour the fruits of bird cherry (Prunus padus, or Padus
avium). The fruits of other types of bird cherry are also edible. Plum wood goes to
various crafts, turning products, musical instruments,
smoking pipes and mouthpieces, used in furniture production.
Pinkish-brown wood of late bird cherry (Prunus serotina, or Padus
serotina) is considered the second most important hardwood species in the United States (after
black walnut) for furniture production and finishing work, manufacturing
cases for devices and tools. Almost all plum trees (except bird cherry)
the trunks separate out the gum, which has some use in cooking
paints, glues and in the confectionery industry. Bird cherry fruits, leaves
Cherry laurel trees are used in medicine. All plums are excellent early bloomers.
ornamental plants. The famous Japanese ornamental cherry trees are
object of worship by the local population. Their flowering is celebrated in Japan as
folk holiday. In China, the plum blossom is the emblem of winter. Its five petals
symbolize good luck, prosperity, longevity, joy, peace
Literature
- Alexandrova V.D. Vegetation classification. – L.: Nauka, 1969, – 275 p.
- Artamonov V.I. Rare and endangered plants. Book 2. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1989, – 382 p.
- Voronkov N.A. Fundamentals of general ecology. – M.: Agar, 1997, – 87 p.
- Elenevsky A.G. Botany of higher, or terrestrial, plants. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2000, – 432 p.
- Red Book of the Perm Region. Volume 1 – Perm, 2002, – 159 p.
- Oprish, Tudor. World of plants. – Bucharest: Publishing House “Ion Creangă”, 1986, –
- 141p.
- Sergievskaya E.V. Systematics of higher plants. Practical Course. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Lan”, 1998, – 255 p.
- Takhtadzhyan A. L. System and phylogeny. Flowering plants. – M.: Publishing house
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