A lot of readers on our site are interested in questions one way or another related to the choice of RAM, and our site has a very strong desire to answer everyone. To make it interesting for you in the process of gaining knowledge, this article is presented by the author in the form of a fascinating story from which you will learn EVERYTHING about computer RAM!
You will learn not only how to choose and buy RAM from a quality manufacturer, but also how to correctly install RAM modules in your computer and much more, for example:
- How much RAM does a modern computer need for comfortable operation of all resource-intensive applications, for example: modern games at maximum settings, video and sound processing programs, etc. How powerful should it be? modern computer?
- (follow the link and read a separate article).
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- What way out does the operating system find when there is not enough RAM?
- Is having too much RAM good for your computer?
- Do you need to completely disable the page file if you have a large amount of physical RAM, for example 16 -32 GB?
- How much better is dual-channel RAM operating mode than single-channel? What is better to buy, one 8GB memory stick or two 4GB sticks?
- How to choose the right RAM modules for dual-channel operation?
- What is the frequency of RAM and is it possible to install RAM sticks with different frequencies in a computer?
- What is RAM latency (timings)? Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different timings into a computer?
- What is the difference between the RAM sticks used on laptops and regular RAM?
- Nowadays DDR3 memory is actively used, but are there DDR4 memory sticks on sale?
- If you have old computer and you want to buy additional DDR2 RAM, then think several times, because DDR2 memory is expensive, maybe it’s better for you to replace the motherboard, processor and change the RAM to DDR3.
- How to choose a RAM manufacturer and is all RAM made in China?
- Is overclocking of RAM necessary and how much will RAM performance increase when overclocked?
- Is a heatsink really necessary for RAM?
- What is a RAM controller, why is it needed and where is it located?
- What does ECC RAM marking mean?
How to choose RAM
Friends, in the last article we discussed the issue of choice and I was thinking about what article to write next. It seems logical to choose a motherboard for it after the processor, but I usually do it differently. After choosing a processor, I choose memory and a video card, I don’t know why, it’s probably just easier and you can immediately figure out how much to expect, since the choice motherboard This is the most difficult part of selecting a computer configuration. In view of this, I decided not to deviate from my chosen tradition and devote this article to the choice of random access memory (RAM). Since this site is dedicated to the repair of personal computers, of course the issue of choosing RAM will be considered not only for new, but also for older PCs.
Like choosing a processor, choosing RAM is not a difficult task at all. probably even easier. But, as with everything, there are some nuances. Often the choice of RAM comes down to its current price and the amount you are willing to spend. Recently, trends in price changes for RAM modules have been very ambiguous. Several years ago there was a real boom in increasing the amount of RAM in personal computers. And this was due not so much to the growing requirements of modern applications and operating systems, but to the incredible reduction in price.
A 4 gigabyte (GB) memory stick could be purchased for only $25 or even cheaper. As a result, solely for marketing purposes (to make computers more attractive and increase sales), this same memory began to be “stuck” into new computers in huge volumes. Yes, the cheapest system unit, costing about $200-250, necessarily had 4 GB of memory, and the average one for $300-350 had all 8 GB. Salespeople in stores put a lot of emphasis on this, while keeping silent about the fact that this amount of memory would never be realized (fully used) by these PCs, since the rest of the “stuffing”, such as the processor and video card, left much to be desired. This, in essence, was a kind of deception of buyers or, to put it nicely, a marketing ploy...
Unfortunately, gone are the days when you could stock up on RAM for free without even playing around, and now the price for it has increased significantly. It seems that we have again been hooked on the needle of technological progress... But is a large amount of RAM really needed?
How much RAM does a modern computer need?
I must say that until recently, I was fond of modern computer games. Therefore, I always tried to keep my PC up to date. Probably, since I built my first full-fledged PC in 1997, not a single year has passed that I haven’t treated myself to purchasing a new video card, processor or memory.
In those old (by computer standards) days, there was a certain division in how computers used operating system components. Games only needed a powerful video card, some RAM, and the processor almost didn’t matter, since all the calculations were performed by the video card, which has both its own processor and its own memory.
To encode video, on the contrary, a powerful processor and a sufficient amount of RAM were needed, but the video card did not matter, etc. Modern gaming applications have “learned” to make full use of the previously “idle” powerful components of modern computers, such as the processor and RAM.
If we talk about using a PC as a gaming and entertainment platform, then, until recently, I had not come across games that could load at least 3 GB of memory 100% even at maximum graphics settings. But in some cases, the total memory load was close to this figure, despite the fact that the game itself consumed about 2 GB, and the rest was consumed by other applications, such as Skype, antivirus, etc.
Note: Please note that we were not talking about 4 GB, but about 3. The fact is that 32-bit Windows operating systems (OS) do not know how to use more than 3 GB of RAM and therefore the “excess” is simply “not seen”... In fairness, it is worth noting that for 32-bit OS built on the Linux kernel, such strict restrictions do not exist. So, friends, there is no point in installing more than 4 GB of memory on a 32-bit Windows; they simply will not be used.
For not very new, but also relatively old systems, on which you can put a lot of memory, using a 64-bit OS, in some cases, can be problematic. Since 64-bit versions of drivers for some equipment may simply not exist.
Not so long ago, just at the moment of total reduction in the price of memory, I purchased the same amount in addition to my 4 GB. But this was not caused by its shortcoming, but by the fact that on my fairly powerful motherboard, due to some misunderstanding) there were slots for almost outdated DDR2 memory and I was afraid that a little more and it might completely disappear or wildly increase in price, and here is such a “freebie”... After that, I switched to a 64-bit operating system, since otherwise this purchase would not have looked so reasonable). You also need to take into account that I have a fairly powerful 4 nuclear processor and an expensive modern video card, thanks to which I can play games at very high settings schedules at which RAM consumption is maximum.
If you have an entry-level or mid-level PC, then 4 GB of RAM will be enough for you, since you can comfortably play modern games only at low or medium settings, which do not require large amounts of memory. In such conditions, installing, say, 8 GB of RAM is wasted money. But if your PC is powerful enough and is a gaming PC, then I would still recommend installing 8 GB, since there is a tendency towards a gradual increase in RAM consumption by modern games.
For example, the recently released game Call of Duty: Ghosts simply refused to launch if it detected that you had less than 6 GB of RAM installed. Again, in fairness, it should be noted that folk craftsmen made a fix that allowed you to bypass this limitation at launch and the game worked.
Regarding 64-bit operating systems, then you should know that it, like all 64-bit applications, consumes exactly 2 times more memory than 32-bit. Here this is already fully justified by memory addressing technology and significantly improves performance.
What should a fast computer be like?
We will not go into details, but you must understand that in order to feel the increase in speed, the following conditions must be met:
The central processing unit (CPU) must have a 64-bit architecture, the operating system must be 64-bit.
The application that you want to use to improve the performance of certain operations must be 64-bit, the data that is processed must be streaming (video conversion, archiving), since the speed increase is achieved through processing in one pass more information. In this case, the increase will be very significant – up to 2 times. Under such conditions, using an Intel processor (with a longer pipeline) you will get the highest possible performance for such operations. But, as you know, in games data is transferred in small portions (since it is impossible to predict the user’s next step), therefore, even in those games where 64-bit versions of the game engine are available for launch, there will be almost no increase. And yet the decisive role of the video card in them has not gone away.
As for professional applications, in areas such as video editing, 3D modeling, design, specialists in these areas know exactly what hardware and how much memory they need. Usually this is from 16 GB or more. And if, say, in 3D modeling there is no stream processing of data, then simply the volume and quality of models can be so high that a lot of RAM is “stupidly” needed to accommodate this model.
If you are not a professional, but really like to convert videos, then 4-8 GB will be enough for you.
Truly huge amounts of RAM can be in demand in scientific systems and highly loaded servers. In the latter, for example, a memory capacity of 64 GB or more is considered quite common. But the memory there is not cheap either - server memory (with parity checking and automatic error correction), since failures are not allowed on them.
Well, as an example, I’ll give you a situation from my real life. When I was training in network technologies and system administration, I often had to emulate a large number of simultaneously running operating systems and network equipment. Such combinations as 5-10 operating systems running in VirtualBox (or VMware) + the same number of emulated ones network devices GNS can use up a decent amount of RAM. And it’s good if, in addition to the powerful “process” that supports modern technologies virtualization, there will be 8-16 GB of RAM, otherwise the brakes are guaranteed...
Why can't you disable the page file?
What happens when there is not enough RAM? Yes, it’s very simple - the OS, in order to compensate for the lack of memory, begins to actively use hard drive(the so-called swap file). By the way, God forbid you turn it off. The operation of the system is very deeply tied to the page file and disabling it will be more problems than it is worth. As a result, not only the processor slows down, but also the hard drive.
There is only one conclusion - there should be enough memory; if there is not enough memory, the computer starts to slow down terribly, but too much memory does not give any performance gain.
What types of RAM are there?
There is no such thing as memory...
A board with memory chips is usually called a memory module (or “stick”). There are single-sided and double-sided memory modules. On the first, the chips are placed on one side printed circuit board, on the second - on both sides. Which is better? I don’t know) There is an opinion that double-sided modules “chase” better; read about what this means further in this article. On the other hand, the fewer chips, the higher the reliability of the module. I have seen cases more than once when one side of the chips on a strip failed and the computer saw only half of its volume. But now I would not focus on this.
The main thing you need to know is that if there are several memory modules in the computer, then it is desirable that they all be either single-sided or double-sided. Otherwise, the memory does not always get along well with each other and does not work at full speed.
Today the most modern memory is DDR3 type., which replaced the older DDR2, which in turn replaced the even older one - DDR. A new, more modern DDR4 memory has already been developed, but it has not yet reached the masses. We won't go deeper.
When building a new PC, you should only choose the latest memory standard. On at the moment this is DDR3.
Sometimes replacing a motherboard and purchasing a new type of memory is equivalent in price to adding an old type of RAM to an old board.
The new memory will also be significantly cheaper than the older DDR2, for which greedy manufacturers and sellers “keep” (keep) a high price, since there is little of it left and for those who want to upgrade their PC there is simply no other choice but to agree to such draconian conditions. In this case, it’s worth thinking about, maybe adding a little and buying more promising components? And if you sell the old one, you can actually get a profit, if you’re lucky, of course)
Laptop memory
Laptops use the same memory as PCs, but have a smaller module size and are called SO-DIMM DDR (DDR2, DDR3).
Memory characteristics. Frequency and timings
Memory is characterized primarily by type. For desktop computers(desktops) memory types used today are: DDR, DDR2, DDR3.
The main characteristic of memory is its frequency. The higher the frequency, the faster the memory is considered. But this frequency must be supported by the processor and motherboard, otherwise the memory will operate at a lower frequency, and the money you overpaid will go down the drain.
Memory modules, as well as its types, have their own markings, which begin with PC, PC2 and PC3, respectively.
Today, the most common memory is DDR3 PC3-10600 (1333 MHz). It will work at its native frequency on any computer. In principle, the speed of the computer does not greatly depend on the memory frequency. For example, in games this increase will be absolutely indistinguishable, but in some other applications it will be more noticeable. But the difference in price, for example in comparison with DDR3 PC3-12800 (1600 MHz) memory, will be very small. Here I usually follow the rule - if the price is slightly higher ($1-3) and the processor supports a higher frequency, then why not - we take faster memory.
Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different frequencies into a computer?
The frequency of the RAM does not have to be the same; the motherboard will set the frequency for all sticks to the slowest module, but very often a computer with sticks of different frequencies is unstable. For example, it may not turn on at all.
Timings
The next memory performance parameter is the so-called delays (timings). Roughly speaking, this is the time that has passed from the moment the memory is accessed until the moment it produces the necessary data. Accordingly, the shorter the timings, the better. There are dozens of different delays when reading, writing, copying, and various combinations of these and other operations. But there are only a few main ones that you can use to navigate.
Timings are indicated (though not always) on the label of memory modules in the form of 4 numbers with hyphens between them. The first and most important is latency, the rest are derivatives of it.
Delays depend on the manufacturing quality of the memory chips. Accordingly, higher quality, lower timings, higher price. However, it is worth noting that timings have a much smaller impact on performance than memory frequency. Therefore, I rarely attach importance to this, only if the price is approximately the same, you can buy memory with lower timings. Typically, modules with ultra-low timings are positioned as top-end, come complete with radiators (which we’ll talk about later), in beautiful packaging and are much more expensive.
Marking of main types, memory modules, their frequency and typical latency (CL)
DDR – outdated (completely)
DDR-266 - PC2100 - 266 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-333 - PC2700 - 333 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-400 - PC-3200 - 400 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR2 - obsolete (sometimes still found and can be used to add to an old PC)
DDR2-533 - PC2-4200 - 533 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-667 - PC2-5300 - 667 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-800 - PC2-6400 - 800 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-1066 - PC2-8500 - 1066 MHz - CL 5
DDR3 – modern
DDR3-1333 - PC3-10600 - 1333 MHz - CL 9
DDR3-1600 - PC3-12800 - 1600 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-1800 - PC3-14400 - 1800 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-2000 - PC3-16000 - 2000 MHz - CL 11
Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different timings in a computer?
The timings also do not have to match. The motherboard will automatically set timings for all modules according to the slowest module. There shouldn't be any problems.
Memory operating modes
Yes, yes... Perhaps not everyone knew, but RAM can operate in different modes, the so-called: Single Mode (single-channel) and Dual Mode (dual-channel).
In single-channel mode, data is first written to one memory module, and when its capacity is exhausted, it begins to be written to the next free module.
In dual-channel mode, data recording is parallelized and recorded simultaneously on several modules.
This, friends, is where using dual-channel mode significantly increases memory speed. In reality, the memory speed in dual-channel mode is up to 30% higher than in single-channel mode. But in order for it to work, the following conditions must be met:
The motherboard must support dual-channel RAM operation
There should be 2 or 4 memory modules
Memory modules must be either all single-sided or all double-sided
If any of these conditions are not met, the memory will only operate in single-channel mode.
It is desirable that all the strips be as identical as possible: they have the same frequency, latency, and are even from the same manufacturer. Otherwise, no one can give any guarantees about the operation of the dual-channel mode. Therefore, if you want your memory to work at its maximum fast mode, it is very advisable to immediately purchase 2 identical memory sticks, because after a year or two you will definitely not find the same one.
Another question is if you need to increase the amount of memory on an old computer. In this case, you can try to find a memory module that is as similar as possible to the one you already have. If you have 2 of them, and there are 2 more free slots on the motherboard, then you will have to look for 2 more of the same modules. An ideal, but not always economical, option is to sell the old memory as used and buy 2 new identical modules of larger capacity.
Of course, if your old computer is very weak, then there may not be a big gain from the dual-channel mode. In this case, you can install any module, but it is still better to choose the most suitable one in order to eliminate a possible conflict with old modules and complete inoperability of the computer. Try to agree in advance with the seller about a return or bring the system unit to him and let him try to select a suitable module.
RAM controller
It should be noted that previously memory controllers were located in the chipset (logic set) of motherboards. In modern systems, memory controllers are located in processors. In this regard, the dual-channel memory mode now has 2 more submodes: Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired).
In ganged mode, memory modules work the same as in old motherboards, but in unpaired mode, each processor memory controller (in modern processors there are 2 of them) can work separately with each stick. This mode can be set in the computer's BIOS, but is usually selected automatically by the processor. If the planks are identical, then Ganged (but not necessarily), if they are different, then only Unganged. In any case, the memory will operate in dual-channel mode. But I still recommend buying and installing 2 identical modules at once, this will eliminate distortions in their parameters and improve compatibility.
The dual-channel RAM mode has only one drawback - 2 memory sticks are slightly more expensive than one of the same size. Therefore, many stores and private collectors save money and set the same bar. As a result, we have a modern computer that does not work at full capacity.
Some modern expensive motherboards, which usually have 6 slots for memory modules, can even operate in three-channel mode.
By the way, if you have 2 or 3 memory sticks, then in order for the dual-channel or three-channel mode to work, all these sticks must be inserted into slots of the same color.
Some memory modules for desktops have the abbreviation ECC in their markings.
This is memory with parity, a technology used in server systems. You should not pay any attention to this, since on desktop PCs this technology is not critical and, in most cases, does not work at all. It's still the same marketing ploy.
Memory connectors
There's nothing to talk about here at all. Each type of memory DDR, DDR2, DDR3 corresponds to its own connector on the motherboard of the same type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3). You will not insert memory of one type into a slot of another type, since there is a special protrusion (key) in the motherboard slot,
Which should coincide with the slot on the memory module board. This was done precisely so as not to accidentally confuse and install the bracket in the wrong connector and, as a result, not damage both the memory and, possibly, the motherboard. When purchasing memory, you need to know exactly what type of memory the motherboard supports.
About RAM heatsinks
Some memory modules are equipped with so-called heatsinks, which are linings made of aluminum plates, sometimes painted copper or other colors, on both sides of the board. These pads are connected to the memory chips through special thermal pads that are designed to best transmission heat from chips to radiators. Radiators can have additional fins to increase the cooling area and even better heat dissipation.
In practice, memory chips heat up slightly during normal operation and do not require additional cooling. Gaskets between chips and heatsinks do not transfer heat as well as thermal paste between the processor and cooler. In addition, in free space There is an air gap between the board and the radiators, which interferes with natural cooling and over time becomes clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean out. This design provides for active cooling using an additional fan or good organization air flow inside the case. In addition, such modules can often cost more.
So who needs such joy, you ask? Well, ask me)
Answer: for enthusiasts who never have enough of everything, who want to overclock everything, overtake everyone, etc. Besides, it’s just beautiful) Yes, friends, if you consider yourself to be in this group of users, then this memory is for you! Because such a cooling system will be effective only with sufficiently high heating as a result of overclocking with increased voltage and mandatory additional airflow. Remember - regular memory operating in normal mode does not need radiators.
An example of the correct use of memory with heatsinks in a powerful system
Overclocking RAM
Overclocking is a slang word in the computer lexicon, which implies manually setting more aggressive parameters for the operation of electronic components, such as processors, memory and video cards, than those provided by the manufacturer. Such parameters are usually the frequency (in processors there is also a multiplier). At particularly high overclocking, the voltage is also increased to ensure relatively stable operation of these components. As a result, higher heating of the elements occurs, requiring improved cooling. The so-called overclocking itself is possible thanks to a certain margin laid down by the manufacturer so that the product works stably, and not at the edge of its capabilities, or especially for advanced users) In any case, this event makes the operation of the entire system less stable and shortens the service life of overclocked components . If you still decide to experiment, then first thoroughly study all aspects and act strictly according to the instructions. By the way, if components fail as a result of overclocking, you may lose your warranty.
RAM Manufacturers
Like other components, memory modules are manufactured by many manufacturers. And, as always, they have different quality. I recommend paying attention to the following brands that have an optimal price/quality ratio: AMD, Crucial, Goodram, Hynix, Kingston, Micron, Patriot, Samsung, TakeMS, Transcend.
Enthusiast brands include: Corsair, G.Skill, Mushkin, Team. These companies produce a wide range of modules with radiators and improved technical characteristics. I recommend avoiding cheap Chinese brands: A-Data, Apacer, Elixir, Elpida, NCP, PQI and other little-known manufacturers.
Memory modules that are not manufactured in China deserve special mention. Currently, there are not many of these, for example, modules that are labeled as Hynix Original and Samsung Original are produced in Korea. The quality of such modules is considered higher; they cost a little more, but usually have a longer warranty (up to 36 months).
To be fair, it should be noted that even if you purchased memory from a well-known and reputable brand, this, unfortunately, does not mean that you will not encounter defective modules or modules damaged during transportation. Of course, products from top brands in individual packaging will have fewer defects (damages) than the cheapest modules that are transported and sold in bulk.
Memory module in individual packaging
How to choose memory for a new computer
First of all, choose the most modern type of memory used. Today it is DDR3. Decide on the volume you need. Briefly summarizing this article, I will give general recommendations on the minimum amount of RAM for PCs of different purposes:
For an office or weak home PC – 2 GB
4. It is better to select the most identical strips (single-sided or double-sided), with the same frequency and latency. The ideal option is to sell the old memory as used and install new memory in the required volume.
5. If you install memory with a higher frequency than your processor or motherboard supports, it will operate at a lower frequency.
Do right choice friends are with us, and no dust or breakdown for you)
RAM used for temporary storage of data necessary for the operation of the operating system and all programs. There should be enough RAM; if there is not enough, the computer starts to slow down.
The board with memory chips is called a memory module (or stick). Memory for a laptop, except for the size of the slots, is no different from memory for a computer, so when choosing, follow the same recommendations.
For office computer One 4 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz is enough (costs almost the same).
RAM Crucial CT4G4DFS824A
For a multimedia computer (movies, simple games), it is better to take two 4 GB DDR4 sticks with a frequency of 2666 MHz, then the memory will work in a faster dual-channel mode.
RAM Ballistix BLS2C4G4D240FSB
For gaming computer In the middle class, you can take one 8 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2666 MHz so that in the future you can add another one, and it would be better if it is a simpler running model.
RAM Crucial CT8G4DFS824A
And for a powerful gaming or professional PC, you need to immediately take a set of 2 DDR4 8 GB sticks, and a frequency of 2666 MHz will be quite sufficient.
2. How much memory is needed
For an office computer designed for working with documents and accessing the Internet, one 4 GB memory stick is sufficient.
For a multimedia computer that can be used to watch high-quality videos and undemanding games, 8 GB of memory is sufficient.
For a mid-range gaming computer, the minimum option is 8 GB of RAM.
A powerful gaming or professional computer requires 16 GB of memory.
A larger amount of memory may be needed only for very demanding professional programs and is not needed by ordinary users.
Memory capacity for older PCs
If you decide to increase the memory on your old computer, keep in mind that 32-bit versions of Windows do not support more than 3 GB of RAM. That is, if you install 4 GB of RAM, the operating system will see and use only 3 GB.
As for 64-bit versions of Windows, they will be able to use all installed memory, but if you have an old computer or have old printer, then they may not have drivers for these operating systems. In this case, before purchasing memory, install the 64-bit version of Windows and check if everything works for you. I also recommend looking at the website of the motherboard manufacturer and seeing how many modules and total memory it supports.
Please also note that 64-bit operating systems consume 2 times more memory, for example, Windows 7 x64 takes about 800 MB for its needs. Therefore, 2 GB of memory for such a system will not be enough, preferably at least 4 GB.
Practice shows that modern operating rooms Windows systems 7,8,10 are fully expanded with a memory capacity of 8 GB. The system becomes more responsive, programs open faster, and jerks (freezes) disappear in games.
3. Memory types
Modern memory is of the DDR SDRAM type and is constantly being improved. So DDR and DDR2 memory is already obsolete and can only be used on older computers. DDR3 memory is no longer advisable to use on new PCs; it has been replaced by the faster and more promising DDR4.
Please note that the selected memory type must be supported by the processor and motherboard.
Also, new processors, for compatibility reasons, can support DDR3L memory, which differs from regular DDR3 in reduced voltage from 1.5 to 1.35 V. Such processors will be able to work with ordinary memory DDR3 if you already have it, but processor manufacturers do not recommend this due to increased degradation of memory controllers designed for DDR4 with an even lower voltage of 1.2 V.
Memory type for older PCs
Outdated DDR2 memory costs several times more than more modern memory. A 2 GB DDR2 stick costs 2 times more, and a 4 GB DDR2 stick costs 4 times more than a DDR3 or DDR4 stick of the same size.
Therefore, if you want to significantly increase the memory on an old computer, then perhaps the best option would be to switch to a more modern platform by replacing the motherboard and, if necessary, a processor that will support DDR4 memory.
Calculate how much it will cost you; perhaps a profitable solution would be to sell the old motherboard with old memory and purchase new, albeit not the most expensive, but more modern components.
The motherboard connectors for installing memory are called slots.
Each memory type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) has its own slot. DDR3 memory can only be installed in a motherboard with DDR3 slots, DDR4 - with DDR4 slots. Motherboards that support old DDR2 memory are no longer produced.
5. Memory characteristics
The main characteristics of memory on which its performance depends are frequency and timings. Memory speed does not have as strong an impact on the overall performance of the computer as the processor. However, you can often get faster memory for not much more. Fast memory needed primarily for powerful professional computers.
5.1. Memory frequency
Frequency has highest value on memory speed. But before purchasing it, you need to make sure that the processor and motherboard also support the required frequency. Otherwise, the actual memory operating frequency will be lower and you will simply overpay for something that will not be used.
Inexpensive motherboards support lower maximum memory frequencies, for example for DDR4 it is 2400 MHz. Mid-range and high-end motherboards can support higher frequency memory (3400-3600 MHz).
But with processors the situation is different. Older processors with DDR3 memory support can support memory with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600, or 1866 MHz (depending on the model). For modern processors that support DDR4 memory, the maximum supported memory frequency may be 2400 MHz or higher.
Intel 6th generation and higher processors and processors AMD Ryzen support DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2400 MHz or higher. At the same time, in their model range There are not only powerful expensive processors, but also mid-range and budget-class processors. Thus, you can build a computer on the most modern platform with an inexpensive processor and DDR4 memory, and in the future change the processor and get the highest performance.
The main memory today is DDR4 2400 MHz, which is supported by the most modern processors, motherboards and costs the same as DDR4 2133 MHz. Therefore, purchasing DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz today does not make sense.
You can find out what memory frequency a particular processor supports on the manufacturers’ websites:
By model number or serial number it is very easy to find all the characteristics of any processor on the website:
Or simply enter your model number in search engine Google or Yandex (for example, “Ryzen 7 1800X”).
5.2. High Frequency Memory
Now I want to touch on one more thing interesting point. On sale you can find RAM at a much higher frequency than can be supported by any modern processor(3000-3600 MHz and above). Accordingly, many users are wondering how this can happen?
It's all about the technology developed by Intel, eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP). XMP allows memory to run at a higher frequency than the processor officially supports. XMP must be supported by both the memory itself and the motherboard. High-frequency memory simply cannot exist without support for this technology, but not all motherboards can boast of its support. These are mainly more expensive models above the middle class.
The essence of XMP technology is that the motherboard automatically increases the frequency of the memory bus, due to which the memory begins to operate at its higher frequency.
AMD has a similar technology called AMD Memory Profile (AMP), which was supported by older motherboards for AMD processors. These motherboards usually also supported XMP modules.
Purchasing more expensive memory with a very high frequency and a motherboard with XMP support makes sense for very powerful professional computers equipped with a top-end processor. In a middle-class computer, this will be wasted money, since everything will depend on the performance of other components.
In games, memory frequency has little impact and overpay special meaning no, it will be enough to take it at 2400 MHz, or at 2666 MHz if the difference in price is small.
For professional applications, you can take memory with a higher frequency - 2666 MHz or, if you want and have funds, 3000 MHz. The difference in performance here is greater than in games, but not dramatic, so there is no particular point in pushing the memory frequency.
Let me remind you once again that your motherboard must support memory at the required frequency. Moreover, sometimes Intel processors begin to work unstable at memory frequencies above 3000 MHz, and for Ryzen this limit is about 2900 MHz.
Timings are the delays between read/write/copy operations of data in RAM. Accordingly, the fewer these delays, the better. But timings have a much smaller impact on memory speed than its frequency.
There are only 4 main timings that are indicated in the characteristics of memory modules.
Of these, the most important is the first number, which is called latency (CL).
Typical latency for DDR3 1333 MHz memory is CL 9, for higher frequency DDR3 memory is CL 11.
Typical latency for DDR4 2133 MHz memory is CL 15, for DDR4 memory with a higher frequency is CL 16.
You should not purchase memory with a latency higher than specified, as this indicates an overall low level of its technical characteristics.
Typically, memory with lower timings costs more, but if the price difference is not significant, then memory with lower latency should be preferred.
5.4. Supply voltage
Memory may have different supply voltages. It can be either standard (generally accepted for a certain type of memory), or increased (for enthusiasts) or, conversely, decreased.
This is especially important if you want to add memory to your computer or laptop. In this case, the voltage of the new strips should be the same as the existing ones. Otherwise, problems are possible, since most motherboards cannot set different voltages for different modules.
If the voltage is set to a level with a lower voltage, then others may not have enough power and the system will not work stably. If the voltage is set to a level with a higher voltage, then the memory designed for a lower voltage may fail.
If you are collecting new computer, then this is not so important, but to avoid possible problems compatibility with the motherboard and replacement or expansion of memory in the future, it is better to choose sticks with a standard supply voltage.
The memory, depending on the type, has the following standard supply voltages:
- DDR - 2.5 V
- DDR2 - 1.8 V
- DDR3 - 1.5 V
- DDR3L - 1.35 V
- DDR4 - 1.2 V
I think you noticed that there is DDR3L memory in the list. This is not new type memory, but regular DDR3, but with a reduced supply voltage (Low). This is the kind of memory needed for 6th generation Intel processors and higher, which support both DDR4 and DDR3 memory. But in this case, it is better to build the system on new DDR4 memory.
6. Marking of memory modules
Memory modules are marked depending on the type of memory and its frequency. The marking of DDR memory modules begins with PC, followed by a number indicating the generation and speed in megabytes per second (MB/s).
Such markings are inconvenient to navigate; it is enough to know the type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), its frequency and latency. But sometimes, for example on ad sites, you can see markings copied from the strip. Therefore, so that you can get your bearings in this case, I will give the markings in a classic form, indicating the type of memory, its frequency and typical latency.
DDR - obsolete
- PC-2100 (DDR 266 MHz) - CL 2.5
- PC-2700 (DDR 333 MHz) - CL 2.5
- PC-3200 (DDR 400 MHz) - CL 2.5
DDR2 - obsolete
- PC2-4200 (DDR2 533 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-5300 (DDR2 667 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-6400 (DDR2 800 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-8500 (DDR2 1066 MHz) - CL 5
DDR3 - obsolete
- PC3-10600 (DDR3 1333 MHz) - CL 9
- PC3-12800 (DDR3 1600 MHz) - CL 11
- PC3-14400 (DDR3 1866 MHz) - CL 11
- PC3-16000 (DDR3 2000 MHz) - CL 11
- PC4-17000 (DDR4 2133 MHz) - CL 15
- PC4-19200 (DDR4 2400 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-21300 (DDR4 2666 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-24000 (DDR4 3000 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-25600 (DDR4 3200 MHz) - CL 16
DDR3 and DDR4 memory may have a higher frequency, but only top processors and more expensive motherboards can work with it.
7. Design of memory modules
Memory sticks can be single-sided, double-sided, with or without radiators.
7.1. Chip placement
Chips on memory modules can be placed on one side of the board (single-sided) or on both sides (double-sided).
This doesn't matter if you are purchasing memory for a new computer. If you want to add memory to an old PC, then it is advisable that the arrangement of chips on the new stick be the same as on the old one. This will help avoid compatibility issues and increase the likelihood of memory operating in dual-channel mode, which we will talk about later in this article.
Now on sale you can find many memory modules with aluminum radiators of various colors and shapes.
The presence of heatsinks can be justified on DDR3 memory with a high frequency (1866 MHz or more), since it heats up more. At the same time, ventilation must be well organized in the housing.
Modern DDR4 RAM with a frequency of 2400, 2666 MHz practically does not heat up and the radiators on it will be purely decorative. They can even get in the way, because after a while they become clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean out of them. In addition, such memory will cost slightly more. So, if you want, you can save on this, for example, by taking excellent Crucial 2400 MHz memory without heatsinks.
Memory with a frequency of 3000 MHz also has increased voltage power supply, but it also doesn’t heat up much and in any case there will be radiators on it.
8. Memory for laptops
Memory for laptops differs from memory for desktop computers only in the size of the memory module and is labeled SO-DIMM DDR. Just like for desktop computers, memory for laptops has types DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4.
In terms of frequency, timings and supply voltage, memory for laptops is no different from memory for computers. But laptops only come with 1 or 2 memory slots and have stricter maximum capacity limits. Be sure to check these parameters before choosing memory for specific model laptop.
9. Memory operating modes
The memory can operate in Single Channel, Dual Channel, Triple Channel or Quad Channel mode.
In single-channel mode, data is written sequentially to each module. In multi-channel modes, data is written in parallel to all modules, which leads to a significant increase in the speed of the memory subsystem.
Single-channel memory mode is limited only to hopelessly outdated motherboards with DDR memory and the first models with DDR2.
All modern motherboards support dual-channel memory mode, while three-channel and quad-channel modes are supported only by a few models of very expensive motherboards.
The main condition for dual-channel mode operation is the presence of 2 or 4 memory sticks. Three-channel mode requires 3 or 6 memory sticks, and four-channel mode requires 4 or 8 memory sticks.
It is desirable that all memory modules are the same. Otherwise, dual-channel operation is not guaranteed.
If you want to add memory to an old computer and your motherboard supports dual-channel mode, try to choose a stick that is as identical in all respects as possible. It is best to sell the old one and buy 2 new identical strips.
In modern computers, memory controllers have been moved from the motherboard to the processor. Now it is not so important that the memory modules are the same, since the processor will still be able to activate dual-channel mode in most cases. This means that if in the future you want to add memory to a modern computer, you will not necessarily need to look for exactly the same module; you just need to choose the one that is most similar in characteristics. But I still recommend that the memory modules be the same. This will give you a guarantee of its fast and stable operation.
With the transfer of memory controllers to the processor, 2 more modes of dual-channel memory operation appeared - Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired). If the memory modules are the same, the processor can work with them in Ganged mode, as before. If the modules differ in characteristics, the processor can activate the Unganged mode to eliminate distortions in working with memory. In general, the memory speed in these modes is almost the same and makes no difference.
The only downside to dual-channel mode is that multiple memory modules are more expensive than one of the same size. But if you are not very strapped for money, then buy 2 sticks, the memory speed will be much higher.
If you need, say, 16 GB of RAM, but you can’t afford it yet, then you can buy one 8 GB stick so that you can add another one of the same kind in the future. But it is still better to purchase two identical strips at once, since later you may not be able to find the same one and you will encounter a compatibility problem.
10. Memory module manufacturers
One of the best price/quality ratios today comes from the memory of the impeccably proven Crucial brand, which has modules from budget to gaming (Ballistix).
Competing with it is the well-deserved Corsair brand, whose memory is somewhat more expensive.
As an inexpensive but high-quality alternative, I especially recommend the Polish brand Goodram, which has bars with low timings at a low price (Play line).
For an inexpensive office computer, a simple and reliable memory made by AMD or Transcend. They have proven themselves to be excellent and there are practically no problems with them.
In general, the Korean companies Hynix and Samsung are considered leaders in memory production. But now modules of these brands are mass-produced in cheap Chinese factories, and among them there are a lot of fakes. Therefore, I do not recommend purchasing memory from these brands.
An exception may be Hynix Original and Samsung Original memory modules, which are manufactured in Korea. These strips are usually blue, their quality is considered better than those made in China and the guarantee for them is slightly higher. But in terms of speed characteristics, they are inferior to memory with lower timings from other quality brands.
Well, for enthusiasts and fans of modding there are affordable overclocking brands GeIL, G.Skill, Team. Their memory is distinguished by low timings, high overclocking potential, unusual appearance and costs a little less than the popular Corsair brand.
There is also a wide range of memory modules on sale from the very popular manufacturer Kingston. Memory sold under the budget Kingston brand has never been of high quality. But they have a top-end HyperX series, which is deservedly popular, which can be recommended for purchase, but is often overpriced.
11. Memory packaging
It is better to purchase memory in individual packaging.
Usually she is more high quality and the likelihood of damage during transportation is much lower than with memory that comes unpackaged.
12. Increase memory
If you are planning to add memory to an existing computer or laptop, then first find out what the maximum memory capacity and total memory capacity is supported by your motherboard or laptop.
Also check how many memory slots are on the motherboard or laptop, how many of them are occupied and what kind of memory sticks are installed in them. It's better to do it visually. Open the case, take out the memory sticks, examine them and write down all the characteristics (or take a photo).
If for some reason you don’t want to get into the case, you can view the memory parameters in the program on the SPD tab. This way you won't know if the stick is single-sided or double-sided, but you can find out the memory characteristics if there is no sticker on the stick.
There is a basic and effective frequency memory. CPU-Z program and many similar ones show base frequency, it must be multiplied by 2.
Once you know how much memory you can increase, how many free slots are available, and what kind of memory you have installed, you can begin to explore the possibilities of increasing memory.
If all memory slots are occupied, then the only way to increase memory is to replace existing memory sticks with new ones of larger capacity. And old planks can be sold on an advertisement site or exchanged at a computer store when purchasing new ones.
If there are free slots, then you can add new memory sticks to the existing ones. In this case, it is desirable that the new strips be as close as possible to the characteristics of those already installed. In this case, you can avoid various problems compatibility and increase the chances that the memory will work in dual-channel mode. To do this, the following conditions must be met, in order of importance.
- The memory type must match (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
- The supply voltage for all strips must be the same.
- All planks must be single-sided or double-sided.
- The frequency of all bars must match.
- All strips must be of the same volume (for dual-channel mode).
- The number of strips must be even: 2, 4 (for dual-channel mode).
- It is desirable that the latency (CL) matches.
- It is desirable that the strips are from the same manufacturer.
The easiest place to start choosing is with the manufacturer. Choose in the online store catalog strips of the same manufacturer, volume and frequency as installed in yours. Make sure that the supply voltage matches and check with your consultant whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If the latency also matches, then generally good.
If you were unable to find strips from the same manufacturer with similar characteristics, then choose all the others from the list of recommended ones. Then again look for strips of the required volume and frequency, check the supply voltage and check whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If you are unable to find similar planks, then look in another store, catalog or ad site.
Always best option This means selling all the old memory and buying 2 new identical sticks. If the motherboard does not support the brackets of the required volume, you may have to buy 4 identical brackets.
13. Setting up filters in the online store
- Go to the “RAM” section on the seller’s website.
- Select recommended manufacturers.
- Select the form factor (DIMM - PC, SO-DIMM - laptop).
- Select the memory type (DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
- Select the required volume of slats (2, 4, 8 GB).
- Select the maximum frequency supported by the processor (1600, 1866, 2133, 2400 MHz).
- If your motherboard supports XMP, add higher frequency memory (2666, 3000 MHz) to the selection.
- Sort the selection by price.
- Consistently look through all items, starting with the cheapest ones.
- Select several strips that match the frequency.
- If the price difference is acceptable to you, take sticks with a higher frequency and lower latency (CL).
Thus, you will get the optimal price/quality/speed ratio of memory at the lowest possible cost.
14. Links
RAM Corsair CMK16GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Corsair CMK8GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Crucial CT2K4G4DFS824A
Hello, site readers. Today I suggest you read a review of the Chinese RAM. 2 sticks of 4 GB and all this for an inexpensive price. For those interested, read in full.
I have an old computer with Athlon processor 4200, ASRock n68c-s ucc motherboard (supports 8 GB of RAM and 800 MHz frequency) and two gigs of RAM. This computer is ungodly slow under Windows 10, and therefore a decision was made on a budget upgrade.
And so on 11.11, during a sale on Ali, I decided to buy some RAM for my friend, namely two DDR2 sticks of 4 GB 800 MHz. This memory only works with AMD platforms. I bought it with my own money, I am attaching a screenshot.
Order screen
Track for those who love
The seller sent the goods on the 13th, and already on the 27th it was at the post office. True, immediately after sending the goods, I realized that I had done something stupid: the fact is that I recently ordered a phone case for my brother, and when I paid for the RAM, I forgot to change the address. In general, instead of the city of Vyksa, the memory (and with it the waterproof watch))) went to Nizhny Novgorod, fortunately it is not far away. A few more days later she got directly to my city. And here they are, the treasured planks, I hold them in my hands and rejoice. I didn’t keep a photo of the packaging, although there’s nothing to photograph - it’s a simple bubble paper bag. The Chinese didn't bother. Okay, let's open the bag, what's inside?
Wow!!! Kingston!!! Come on, Chinese, you can't fool me. You just put a sticker on the left memory stick. In the plastic box I found: the memory itself and instructions.
I apologize for the quality of the pictures. I used a phone that was the same Chinese as this RAM.
Marking on chips 8ne22d9hmw k76t
The instructions are in English and Chinese. Well, to hell with it, everything is clear in the pictures - turn off the computer, rip out the old one, plug in the new one, turn on the computer, rejoice))) That's what I did.
To be fair, I want to say that I have two hard drives installed on my computer, and on one there was a seven, and on the other there was a ten and Ubuntu (I installed it just for fun). So a dozen with this memory didn’t even want to start. Ubuntu and Seven usually started with it and even saw 8 GB of RAM, but after about a minute or two everything froze: the image on the monitor stopped, the cursor did not move and the computer did not react to anything. Only turning off the power supply helped. By the way, MEMtest did not find any errors. Disappointed, I even reinstalled the OS again. I demolished everything and installed only one seven, but this did not give the expected result. Everything happened again.
After talking with the seller, I tried various options: I inserted both strips at once, only one, or even two different ones - native and Chinese. I think it's time to open a dispute with the seller. It's a shame that the seller has a good rating and all the reviews are positive - it works for everyone, but not for me.
So, it's time to take stock.
Pros:
- inexpensive
- fast delivery
- doesn't work
I'm planning to buy +6 Add to favorites I liked the review +15 +29
RAM is a capricious madam. She is not capable of much on her own, but she is extremely picky in choosing a mate: they say, don’t give me just anyone. Moreover, the quarrelsome nature of the RAM can make itself felt both immediately after the neighbor appears, and over time. For example, when you urgently need a computer.
Today we’ll dot all the “E”s on the questions of whether it’s possible to combine different sticks of RAM on one PC, and whether RAM can work together different generations, types, volume, frequency and manufacturers. And if possible, then under what conditions.
Connection of generations
My motherboard has generation RAM slotsDDR2 andDDR3. Is it possible to install dies of both types on it?
The clear answer is no. Such hybrid modifications of motherboards were produced at the turn of the transition from the DDR2 to DDR3 standard. They are capable of working with either DDR2 memory with frequencies of 667, 800 and 1066 mHz, or with DDR3 memory with frequencies of 1066 and 1333 mHz. If you install DDR2 and DDR3 together on such a board (of course, in slots of their own type), the computer will not start.
DDR3 + DDR3L = ?
Is it possible sharing two modulesRAM, one of whichDDR-3, and the second -DDR-3L? How is the second different from the first?
DDR3 memory long time was the only choice. And only shortly before DDR4 entered the market, its new modification, DDR3L, was released. The letter “L” in the name of the latter means “low voltage”.
The DDR3L RAM is powered by a voltage of 1.35 V, and its predecessor consumes 1.5 V - this is their main difference. Externally, both types of planks look the same.
The DDR3L standard is fully compatible with motherboards and processors designed for DDR3, but not vice versa. Thus, Intel processors with Skylake S microarchitecture do not officially support DDR 3, although they support DDR 3L.
Sharing modules of both types is sometimes possible, but not desirable. All memory installed in the slots of one motherboard is powered by the same voltage level, so only one of the sticks will be in optimal conditions. Computers with this RAM configuration are usually unstable, and some do not turn on at all.
Volumes and channels
I want to install RAM in all 4 slots, does the capacity of each module matter? Which combination will work faster - 4 2 GB sticks, 2 4 GB sticks or 1 8 GB stick?
The only requirement for the amount of RAM is that it does not exceed the maximum allowable, otherwise the computer will not turn on or part of the memory will remain unused. The claim that all RAM should be of the same capacity is a myth. There is never too much of it, so bet as much as you want.
All modern desktops and many laptops support multi-channel RAM mode. With this method of organization, memory is accessed not along one, but along several parallel lines, which significantly increases the performance of the machine.
Motherboards with four RAM slots (the most common type) operate in dual-channel mode, that is, they have 2 connectors for 1 channel.
Of the three presented combinations, the fastest will be the second one - 2 4 GB sticks, if you distribute them one per channel. Why two and not four? Because the actual speed of data exchange between the controller and each RAM module is not the same, and the more sticks, the more time is spent synchronizing them.
For RAM modules to work in multi-channel mode, they must be:
- Same frequency.
- Approximately the same capacity (small differences are sometimes acceptable).
- One type (for example, DDR3 or DDR3L only).
And their total number must be even.
By the way, RAM slots of one channel are often made one color. But not always. To find out where they are located on your motherboard, it is better to look at its instructions.
Frequencies and timings
Can it be combined with different timings? If so, what frequency do they operate at?
Can. Each unit of RAM stores information about supported frequencies and timings internally (in the SPD chip). The memory controller reads this data and selects a mode in which all modules can operate. As a rule, these are the frequency and timings of the slowest one.
Various manufacturers
Is it necessary to buy RAM from the same manufacturer?
It is advisable to purchase RAM not just from one brand, but from factory sets of several modules. These devices have been jointly tested and are guaranteed to be able to work together.
It happens that RAM of the same brand and model, purchased separately, cannot be “found” common language" It also happens the other way around, when devices of different origins demonstrate excellent teamwork. Depending on your luck, the first option is rather an exception. Most often dies different manufacturers with similar characteristics are compatible.
Also on the site:
Is it possible to combine different sticks of RAM in one computer?
updated: April 26, 2018 by: Johnny Mnemonic
