Topics of plans for the section "Sociology"
Social stratification and its types.
Social communities and groups.
Youth and its role in modern society.
Social status and social role.
Social status and social mobility.
Social mobility and its types.
Social control and its types.
Social norms and social sanctions.
Deviant behavior.
The family and its role in society.
Nations and national relations.
Social conflict and ways to resolve it
C8.6.1.
"Social stratification and its types"
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The concept of social stratification. / Social stratification is a way of dividing society into groups for various reasons. Functions of social stratification: a) streamlining public life; b) organizing people into groups; c) socialization of the personality and its support. 3) Types of social stratification: a) caste; b) estate; c) social class; d) by strata. 4) Criteria of social stratification: a) income (lower class, middle class, upper class); b) education (with primary, secondary, higher education); c) place of residence (townspeople, provincials, villagers); d) professional activities (engineers, teachers, scientists, etc.); e) ethnicity, etc. 5) Features of social stratification in modern society. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.2.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social Communities and Groups"
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: The concept of social groups and communities. / Social community - a set of people, united by the conditions and goals of life. Varieties of social communities: a) nominal communities; b) mass communities; c) the audience; d) social circles. 3) Signs of social groups: a) the stability of the composition; b) duration of existence; c) certainty of composition and boundaries; G) general system values and norms; e) awareness of their belonging to the group by each individual. 4) Classification of groups: a) by the nature of connections (formal and informal); b) by the level of interaction within the group (primary and secondary); c) by volume (large and small); d) depending on gender and age (demographic), etc. 5) Group cohesion and differentiation. 6) The specifics of the formation and interaction of social groups in modern Russia. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.3.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Youth and its role in modern society". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: Youth is a special social group. The boundaries of youth age, the most important stages of growing up: a) teenagers (teenagers) - 16 - 18 years old; b) youth - from 18 to 24 years old; c) young adults - from 25 to 30 years. 3) Features of youth age: a) the desire to master new social roles; b) maximalism, conflict with the values of the older generation; c) striving for the reorganization of the world (messianic complex); d) positive and organic perception of innovations; e) psychological instability, search for oneself, identity crisis. 4) Specificity of youth subculture: a) youth fashion; b) youth music and cinema; c) youth slang; 5) The main problems of modern Russian youth: a) reduction in the number of young people in the structure of the population; b) the growth of youth unemployment and the decline in the prestige of a number of professions in society; c) the deterioration of the health of the younger generation. 6) State youth policy in the Russian Federation. 7) The growing role of youth and youth movements in the modern world. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.4.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social status and social role". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: a) place of residence; 4) Relationship of social status and social role. 5) The structure of the role set of personality: a) roles in the family; b) roles in a small society; c) roles in professional activity; d) roles in civic activities, etc. 6) The predominance of achieved statuses in modern society. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.5.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social Status and Social Mobility". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: The concept of social status. / Social status - a characteristic of a person's position in society. Signs of social status: a) place of residence; b) level of education and profession; c) style of behavior and clothes, etc. 3) The main types of social statuses: a) prescribed (given, congenital); b) achieved (acquired). 4) Social mobility is the process of status change. 5) Manifestations of social mobility: a) vertical mobility (implies a change in status); b) horizontal mobility (no change of status). 6) A high level of social mobility is a characteristic feature of modern society. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.6.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social mobility and its types". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) Social mobility - the process of changing a person's position in society. / The concept of social mobility. 2) Social mobility as a characteristic feature of the type of society: a) societies with a low level of mobility; b) societies with a high level of mobility. 3) The main channels of social mobility (social lifts): a) family; b) the education system; c) professional activity; d) public service, etc. 4) Manifestations of social mobility: a) by direction (vertical mobility (implies a change in status) and horizontal mobility (without a change in status)); b) by composition (individual and group). 5) Career as one of the types of social mobility. 6) Migration processes are a kind of social mobility in modern society. 6) Features of the processes of social mobility in the modern Russian Federation. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.7.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social control and its types". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of social control. / Social control is a set of ways in which society influences the behavior of an individual and groups. 2) Signs of social control: b) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance; c) collective exercise of control. 3) Functions of social control: a) regulatory (regulation of people's lives); b) protective (preservation of values and ideals existing in society); c) stabilizing (ensuring people's behavior in standard situations). 4) Elements of social control: a) social norms; b) social sanctions. 5) Types (circles) of social control: a) formal control through legal norms; b) informal control through moral norms, customs, mores; c) social control in professional activity; d) social control in the family and private life; 6) The inextricable link between external control and self-control exercised by the individual. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.8.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social Norms and Social Sanctions". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of social norms. / Social norms are the rules of behavior adopted in society. 2) Functions of social norms: a) coordination of people's activities; b) mastering the rules of life in society for the younger generation; c) act as characteristic features of groups. 3) Types of social norms: a) moral standards; b) legal norms; c) customs and traditions; d) rituals, ceremonies; e) etiquette. 4) Social sanctions - measures of the impact of society on the individual: a) on presentation (formal and informal); b) in relation to the personality (positive, negative). 5) The complexity of combining various norms and sanctions in modern society. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.9.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Deviant Behavior". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of deviant behavior. / Deviant behavior - behavior that deviates from generally accepted norms. 2) Causes of deviant behavior: a) the influence of the family and family education; b) the presence of special abilities and talents; c) crisis phenomena in society; d) problems of youth socialization. 3) Types of deviant behavior: a) positive; b) negative. 4) The reaction of society to various manifestations of social deviation. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.10.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic The family and its role in society. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The family is the primary unit of society. / The family is an institution for the reproduction and development of society. 2) Properties of a family as a small group: a) the presence of consanguinity or marriage ties; b) joint housekeeping, domestic relations. 3) The main functions of the family: a) reproductive; b) leisure; c) social status; d) economic; e) emotional and psychological; e) educational. 4) Family Forms: a) by composition (nuclear, generational, complete, incomplete); b) by the nature of the relationship between members (traditional (patriarchal), partnership (democratic)). 5) Trends in the development of the family in modern society: a) equal distribution of rights and duties in the family; b) changing traditional gender roles in families; c) an increase in the number of early marriages and their breakdown; d) loss of old traditions, holidays and authority of adult family members; e) an increase in the number of divorces and sexual emancipation; f) increasing the employment of women outside the family, the interests of family members not related to family life. 6) Features of family development in modern Russia. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.11.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Nations and National Relations". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) Ethnic groups in the structure of society. / Nations - a special kind of ethnic group. 2) Signs of an ethnic group: a) the presence of the territory of residence; b) common language, traditions, customs; c) commonality of historical and sociocultural experience; d) similar features of appearance, character and mentality. 3) Varieties of ethnic groups: a) clan and tribe; b) nationality; c) nation; 4) The main trends in the development of interethnic relations: a) international integration; b) international differentiation. 5) Democratic principles of interethnic relations: a) equality of representatives of different nations in all spheres of society; b) free access to the study of national languages, customs and traditions; c) the right of citizens to determine their nationality; d) development of tolerance and multicultural dialogue in society; e) creating in society an intolerant attitude towards xenophobia, chauvinism, propaganda of national exclusiveness. 6) Interethnic relations and national policy in modern Russia. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Maximum score |
C8.6.12.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social conflict and ways to resolve it". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type. |
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One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of social conflict. / Social conflict is a clash of interests of individuals and groups. 2) The main causes of conflicts: a) unfavorable working conditions; b) dissatisfaction with wages; c) psychological incompatibility of people; d) difference of essential interests and principles; e) redistribution of influence in a group or between groups; f) ideological differences (political and religious), g) unfair distribution of values (income, knowledge, information, benefits). 3) Types of social conflicts: a) intrapersonal or personality-role (the clash occurs in the soul of the person himself); b) interpersonal (disagreements arise between two or more members of the group); c) intergroup - groups of people are drawn into the struggle, each of which has its own interests and goals. d) conflict of belonging - a person is included in two groups that compete with each other. e) conflict with the external environment - rejection of state organizations, laws, norms, rules, traditions and customs. 4) Stages of development of intergroup conflict: a) the gradual strengthening of the participants in the conflict through the introduction of new forces; b) an increase in the number of problem situations and a deepening of the primary problem situation; c) increasing the conflict activity of the participants, involving new people; d) an increase in emotional tension; e) change in attitude to a problem situation or conflict in general. 5) Constructive and destructive ways of resolving conflicts. 6) Increasing social culture, readiness for the negotiation process and compromise are the leading ways to resolve conflicts in the modern world. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form. |
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The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. |
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Separate points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan. Social ... Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation Kazan State Medical University Department of History, Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science Sociology (Educational Complex)Educational complex64 Topic 6. Social stratification in the society of the concept " social structure" and " social stratification» Historical types social stratification. theories social stratification(K.Marx, M.Weber, T.Parsons) Social mobility and her ... The program of the discipline "The social structure of the world" for the direction 080100. 68 "Economics"discipline program... plan university on direction ... of the "development" economy) and sociology social stratification, with elements of political science and ... Chapter 1. Analysis methodology social structures Topic 1. Introduction. Theory social structures and social stratification ... The program of the discipline "Sociology of consumption and financial behavior of the population" for the direction 040100. 62 "Sociology" of the bachelor's degree Program authorsdiscipline programtheories social stratification 4 2 2 10 Theories of new types societies in sociology ... plan section 2 academic discipline topics And sections ... on section 2 = essay * 0.4 + homework * 0.6 Course content Topic ... her sociological, and sociologists ... Work program sociology Code of discipline according to the curriculum: "Sociology" For students of the direction 080200. 62 "Management"Working programm... social Sciences Department social philosophy and sociology WORKING PROGRAMM Sociology Discipline code on educational plan: B1. B5. " Sociology... cumulative social groups.6. Social mobility. 27. Social stratification and reasons her ... |
Plan Social groups. The concept and features of a small group Typology of small groups. Social and psychological parameters of a small group Dynamic processes of a small group Social and psychological phenomenon of leadership
Social groups Human society has never been and cannot be an unstructured, amorphous formation, since people are united by common causes, needs, and interests. The history of mankind proves that each historical epoch gives rise to a complex, dynamic, multi-level system of various social groups.
Social Environment The psychology and behavior of an individual as a person essentially depend on the social environment. The social environment is a complex society in which people are united with each other in numerous, diverse, more or less stable compounds called groups.
Typology of groups In social psychology, there are different types groups, they are classified according to different bases. On a quantitative basis, large, medium and small groups are distinguished. A large group is a group unlimited in number, which has its own values, traditions, and norms of behavior. Interaction in such a group is carried out by means of mass communication. Large groups can be represented by states, nations, nationalities, parties, classes, and other social communities distinguished by professional, economic, religious, cultural, educational, age, gender, and other various characteristics.
The most common socio-psychological characteristic of large social groups is the indirect nature of communication, carried out through traditions, customs, mores, as well as the whole complex of spiritual values.
Medium groups are similar in characteristics to large groups, but a characteristic feature is the interaction of individuals with each other in a formal form (for example, in a work team of a large enterprise). Members of small groups directly interact with each other, united by a common goal and activity.
Small group A small group is understood as a small group, whose members are united by common social activities and are in direct personal communication, which is the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships, group norms and group processes.
An important feature of a small group is the awareness of its existence by other persons outside the group. An example of small groups that are most significant for a person is a family, a school class, a work team, associations of close friends, friends, etc.
Signs of a small group Qualitative signs - the main of which are contact and integrity. Contact is the ability of each member of the group to regularly communicate with each other, perceive and evaluate a friend, exchange information, mutual assessments and influences. Integrity is defined as the social and psychological community of people in a group, allowing them to be perceived as a single whole.
Signs of a small group Quantitative indicators: The lower limit of the size of a small group is three people, since in a group of two people (dyad) group socio-psychological phenomena proceed in a special way. The upper limit of a small group is determined by its qualitative features and usually does not exceed 20–30 people. The optimal size of a small group depends on the nature of the joint activity and is in the range of 5-12 people. In smaller groups, the phenomenon of social satiety is more likely to occur, larger groups more easily break up into smaller ones in which individuals are connected by closer contacts. In this regard, it is customary to single out primary groups, i.e., the smallest in size and further indivisible communities, and secondary ones, which formally represent single communities, but include several primary groups.
Signs of small group I - spatial and temporal co-presence of people. This co-presence of people provides an opportunity for personal contacts, which include interactive, informational, perceptual aspects of communication and interaction. Some American researchers believe that perceptual aspects are the main thing, because they allow a person to perceive the individuality of all other people in the group, and only in this case can one speak of a small group. Interaction is the activity of everyone, it is both a stimulus and a reaction to everyone else.
II - the presence of a permanent goal of joint activity. The goal as a prototype of the result and the initial moment of joint activity determines the dynamics of the functioning of a small group. Three types of goals can be distinguished: ◦ short-term prospects, goals that are quickly implemented in time and express the needs of this group; ◦ secondary goals - longer in time and bring the group to the interests of the secondary team (the interests of the enterprise or the school as a whole); ◦ long-term perspectives connect the basic group with the problems of the functioning of the social whole. The socially valuable content of joint activities should become personally significant for each member of the group. What is important is not so much the objective goal of the group as its image, that is, how it is perceived by the members of the group. Goals, characteristics of joint activities cement the group into one whole, determine the external formally target structure of the group
III. The presence of an organizing principle in the group. It may or may not be personified in one of the members of the group (leader, manager), but this does not mean that there is no organizing principle. It's just that in this case the leadership function is distributed among the members of the group and leadership is situation-specific (in a certain situation, a person who is more advanced in this area than others assumes the functions of a leader). IV. Separation and differentiation of personal roles (division and cooperation of labor, power division, i.e., the activity of group members is not homogeneous and they make their own different contributions to joint activities, play different roles).
V. The presence of emotional relationships between members of the group that affect group activity, can lead to the division of the group into subgroups, forms the internal structure of interpersonal relations in the group. VI. The development of a specific group culture - norms, rules, standards of life, behavior that determine the expectations of group members in relation to each other and determine group dynamics. These norms are the most important sign of group integrity. It is possible to speak about the formed norm if it determines the behavior of the majority of the members of the group, despite all the differences among the members of the group. Deviation from group standards, norms, as a rule, is allowed only to the leader.
Typology of small groups According to the dichotomous principle, laboratory (specially created groups to perform experimental tasks in the laboratory) natural (groups functioning in real life situations); organized (formal) - - closed - inaccessible groups created to influence the environment; implementation of certain organizational functions open - accessible to the influence of the environment - closed - inaccessible to the influence of the environment;
By duration stationary (permanent) - temporary; In order of occurrence: Primary - limited groups such as families, groups of friends, immediate neighbors. They are characterized by the immediacy of contacts, in which the individual is culturalized, with very close interpersonal relationships and interactions. Secondary - large-sized groups, the relationships in which are formalized.
By social status Official, formal - real or conditional social communities that have a legally fixed status; their members are united by socially given activity. Typically, such groups are generated by an official structure, they clearly define all the positions of members prescribed by group norms, all roles are strictly distributed in accordance with subordination in the power structure in the group. Informal, informal - real social communities that do not have a legally fixed status, voluntarily united on the basis of interests, friendship and sympathy, or on a pragmatic basis. Usually these are communication groups - they arise and develop spontaneously. Here, neither statuses nor roles are prescribed, there is no set system of vertical relationships.
According to the immediacy of relationships Real (contact) - limited in size groups of people that exist in a common space and time and are united by real relationships. Example: classroom, production team. Conditional - United on a certain basis of a community of people, including subjects that do not have direct or indirect objective relationships. The people who make up these communities may not know anything about each other at all. These communities are united on various grounds: occupation, gender, age, level of education, nationality, etc.
By level of development Groups of low level of development - groups based on asocial factors, lack of common goals and interests, conformity or nonconformity of its members: associations, corporations, diffuse groups
Associations - groups in which relationships are mediated only by personally significant goals; they lack joint activities, organization and management, value orientations are manifested in group communication; Associations can be pro-social and anti-social, depending on whether the value orientations of the group have a social or anti-social character.
Corporations - organized groups, characterized by their isolation, maximum centralization and authoritarian leadership; on the basis of their narrowly individualistic interests, they oppose themselves to other social communities. interpersonal relationships are mediated by asocial and often antisocial value orientations. personalization of some individuals in a corporation is carried out at the expense of depersonalization of others.
Diffuse groups are communities in which there is no cohesion and value-oriented unity, there is no joint activity capable of mediating the interpersonal relations of its participants. relationships are mediated only by likes and dislikes
High development groups - groups based on social goals and values, on common interests; Relationships are mediated by personal significance and socially valuable content of group activity. an example of a high development group is a collective.
The main features of the team 1) stable interaction, which contributes to the strength and stability of its existence in space and time; 2) a distinctly expressed homogeneity of the composition, that is, the presence of signs inherent in the team; 3) a relatively high degree of cohesion based on the unity of views, attitudes, positions of the members of the team; 4) structuring - a certain clarity and specificity of the distribution of functions, rights and obligations, responsibilities between members of the team; 5) organization, that is, orderliness, subordination of the team to a certain order of performing joint collective life; 6) openness - that is, readiness to accept new members.
By significance: reference and membership groups Reference (reference) is a real or conditional social community with which an individual relates himself as a standard and whose norms, opinions, values and assessments are guided in his behavior and self-esteem. Functions: Normative function - manifested in motivational processes; the group acts as a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations of the individual. Comparative function - manifests itself in the processes of social perception (social perception). The group acts as a standard by which the individual evaluates himself and others. Reference groups can be in the representation of the individual: - "positive" (those with which the individual identifies himself and of which he would like to become a member), - "negative" (those that cause rejection in the individual).
Membership groups are groups in which the individual is not opposed to the group itself, and where he relates himself to all other members of the group, and they relate themselves to him.
Patterns of the group The following general patterns are inherent in the group: 1) the group will inevitably be structured; 2) the group develops (progress or regression, but dynamic processes occur in the group); 3) fluctuation, a change in a person's place in a group can occur repeatedly.
Socio-Psychological Parameters of the Small Group Some of the socio-psychological phenomena of the small group have been mentioned above. Other concepts with the help of which the socio-psychological description of a small group is carried out: The composition of the group can be described in different ways depending on whether, for example, age, professional or social characteristics of the group members are significant in each particular case. Group compatibility is a very important characteristic of a group, which is manifested in the ability of its members to coordinate their actions and optimize relationships. There are such types of it as physiological, psychophysiological (for example, temperaments), psychological (in particular, according to interests) and the highest level - ideological (includes value-oriented unity)
The socio-psychological climate is the qualitative side of interpersonal relations. It manifests itself in the form of a set of psychological conditions that contribute to or hinder productive joint activities and the comprehensive development of the individual in the group. In the first case, these can be sympathy, mutual assistance, general interest in success, in the second - competition, envy, ambition, etc. Each member of the group influences the socio-psychological climate of the team, creating and changing it. But the very socio-psychological climate of the team has an impact on each individual member of the team, forcing him to think and act adequately to the general mood.
Very important characteristics of the group are its value-personal orientations (CLO) - personality traits that are most valued in this group. This can be talent, position in society, charm, business qualities, etc. The group is characterized by such a parameter as the group cohesion coefficient (CGC). The higher it is, the stronger the group is, as a rule. Although sometimes it testifies only to a large number of mutually sympathetic pairs of individuals, which can be "balanced" by no less than a number of mutually antagonizing pairs. This parameter can characterize, in particular, the functional “layout” of sympathies, the meaning of which is that the same member of the group may prefer a completely different partner to go on a “reconnaissance mission” than to play poker. The significance of certain sympathies for the group as a whole depends on its group-wide CLO. The study of the group on the CHS is carried out by the method of sociometry. Sociometry - methods that allow you to identify the social relationships of individuals and groups, their structure and dynamics, measured in quantitative parameters.
Group norms are certain rules that are developed by the group, adopted by it, and to which the behavior of its members must obey in order for their joint activities to be possible. Norms perform a regulatory function in relation to this activity. Group norms are associated with values, since any rules can be formulated only on the basis of acceptance or rejection of some socially significant phenomena. The values of each group are formed on the basis of the development of a certain attitude to social phenomena, dictated by the place of this group in the system of social relations, its experience in organizing certain activities.
It is possible to understand the relationship of an individual with a group only if it is revealed which norms of the group he accepts and which he rejects, and why he does so, how social and “personal” norms correlate. The mechanisms by which a group “returns” its member to the path of compliance are called sanctions. That. , group sanctions are a mechanism for controlling the behavior of any member of the group. The system of sanctions is not designed to compensate for non-compliance, but to enforce them. Sanctions can be of two types: encouraging and prohibitive, positive and negative.
Dynamic processes in a small group The term "group dynamics" is a set of dynamic processes that simultaneously occur in a group in some unit of time and which mark the movement of a group from stage to stage, i.e. its development.
Stages of group development (4) 1. Stage of verification and dependency. For newly formed groups at this stage, the formation of a sense of belonging to a group, the emergence of a desire to establish relationships with other participants, orientation in group tasks and norms, and the distribution of group roles are characteristic. Existing small groups go through this stage again under certain conditions, for example, the appearance of a new member of the group, a change in the goals of the group. 2. Stage of internal conflict. It is characterized by the fact that cohesion falls in the group, tension and discontent increase, the process of distribution of roles begins. However, the processes taking place with the group during this period must be distinguished from the processes taking place in an interpersonal conflict. This stage has great importance for the subsequent development of the group, since the effectiveness of the next stage depends on it. The success of the group passing this stage is determined by its leader or leader.
3. Stage of productivity. At this stage, group cohesion develops, group members begin to effectively interact with each other, solving their goals. 4. Stage of cohesion and affection. Group members establish a closer emotional connection, they get together only to communicate with each other, while (if it is, for example, a production team), its immediate goals and objectives recede into the background. A holistic view of the development of a group according to the characteristics of group processes allows for a more detailed analysis, when the development of group norms, values, the system of interpersonal relations, etc. is studied separately.
Efficiency of group work Efficiency of group activity refers to both the productivity of labor in the group and the satisfaction of its members with joint activities.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of group activities 1) the size of the group 2) the nature and complexity of the task facing the group; 3) the composition or individual composition of the group; 4) group development; 5) leadership style; 6) the microclimate in the group, the compatibility of its members and their performance; 7) the form of organization of its activities.
1) the size of the group has both a positive impact (the number of people with a pronounced individuality increases, the distribution of responsibilities is facilitated, the volume of information processing per unit of time increases, the number of talents and analysts increases), and a negative one (cohesion may decrease, distance and divergence of opinion may increase). between members of the group, which leads to an aggravation of relationships in the group, complicates the management and organization of interaction, the contribution of each member of the group is significantly reduced);
2) the nature and complexity of the task facing the group; 3) the composition or individual composition of the group - heterogeneous groups are better than homogeneous, cope with complex problems and tasks; 4) the development of the group (the presence of common goals, interests, cohesion). So, a low-developed group is able to solve only easy problems, groups of average development are able to solve difficult problems only if they are personally significant for each participant. The most complex problems can be solved only by highly developed groups;
5) leadership style is associated with the level of socio-psychological development of the group. For well-developed groups capable of self-organization, democratic and liberal leadership styles are more suitable. A flexible style of leadership, which combines elements of directiveness, democracy and liberalism, is more suitable for groups of an average level of development. In underdeveloped groups, a directive leadership style with elements of democracy is preferred;
6) the microclimate in the group, the compatibility of its members and their performance; 7) form of organization of its activities: a) collective-cooperative - close interaction and interdependence of group members in work; b) individual - based on the independent work of each; c) coordinated - everyone works independently, but in relation to the activities of the other members of the group.
Socio-Psychological Phenomenon of Leadership The word "leader" is borrowed from in English in the 20s of the XX century. It comes from the English "leader" - leader, leader, from "to lead" - lead, lead. In Russian, the word "leader" describes a very wide range of phenomena, it refers not only to people, but also to goods, organizations that occupy a dominant position among their own kind.
The leader is a member of the group who, in significant situations, is able to influence the behavior of the other members of the group; the values of the group are most represented in him. Leadership is a natural socio-psychological process in a group in which the personal authority of an individual influences the behavior of its members.
Depending on the self-esteem of leaders, they can be divided into three groups. A leader with low self-esteem turns out to be more dependent on the opinions of other people. He experiences constant dissatisfaction with himself, and this may be the force that pushes him to overcome more and more new barriers. He seems to be proving to himself all the time that he is worth something, but the barriers he has overcome no longer please him. And he strives for new ones in order to re-assure himself of his own significance. Low self-esteem pushes the leader to "great" conquests, extravagant decisions unexpected for the environment. The desire for power of such a leader is often one of the possible compensations for his low self-esteem.
A leader with high self-esteem is less dependent on external circumstances. He has more stable internal standards on which his self-esteem is based. A leader with overestimated self-esteem overestimates his own qualities, often does not notice the external and internal reactions to his behavior. He "revels" in his own success, no matter how small, and treats criticism as an attack on him by malicious envious people. He clearly has a broken feedback between himself and his activities and behavior.
A leader with adequate self-esteem is the best option for the appropriate social role. His activities and behavior are not motivated by the desire for self-affirmation. Feedback between the consequences of his activities and behavior and himself works reliably. Such a leader tends to be respectful and highly appreciative of other leaders. He is not afraid of being humiliated, bypassed. He firmly knows his own significance, considers himself no worse than others with whom he has to interact. In joint activities, he chooses a strategy that gives him mutual benefit and allows him to achieve his goals by optimal means. The absence of a neurotic component in his self-esteem leads, as a rule, to the absence of such in his activity and behavior.
In the general psychological type of a leader, the components are distinguished: emotionality, efficiency, awareness. The predominance of one of these components determines the manifestation of a more specific type of leader. An emotional leader can be called the "heart of the group", each member of the group can turn to him for sympathy, "cry in the vest." The business leader is the “hands of the group”, is able to organize the business, establish the necessary relationships, and ensure the success of the business. The information leader is the "brain of the group", everyone turns to him with questions, he is erudite, knows everything, can explain and help find the necessary information.
Leader behavior in groups is characterized by certain styles, some of which are considered classical. Authoritarian style - tough sole decision-making by the leader (minimum democracy), strict constant control over the implementation of decisions (maximum control); suppression of the initiative of followers, the absence and even ignoring of interest in followers, their personalities, needs and individual characteristics. Prominent task and task orientation. Cooperative (collegiate, democratic) style - decision-making based on a discussion of the problem, taking into account the opinions and initiatives of followers (maximum democracy); implementation of decisions by both parties, that is, the leader and followers (maximum control); the leader's interest and benevolent attention to the personality of followers, taking into account their interests, needs, psychological characteristics. Prominent people orientation.
Coaching style - a systematic clarification by the leader of the strengths and weaknesses of the followers, an attempt to teach them to independently diagnose and control their behavior, identify and eliminate shortcomings, and choose optimal patterns of behavior. People orientation. Neutral (liberal, conniving) style - on the one hand, the maximum of democracy, on the other - a minimum of control. Expressed indifference both to the affairs of the group (tasks) and to the followers, their interests, needs, individual characteristics.
The behavior of the leader in the group is manifested in various tactics. These include, in particular, the following. Rational persuasion (the leader uses logical arguments and facts to convince followers of the feasibility of the tasks set). Inspirational call (the leader puts forward a proposal that causes enthusiasm among followers due to the fact that it corresponds to their values, ideals and expectations or increases their self-confidence). Seeking advice (the leader seeks to involve followers in planning the strategy, actively implementing change, and seeking support from people). Exchange (the leader offers the followers an exchange of favors or various benefits in return for their participation in the task). Personal appeal (the leader appeals to people's feelings of loyalty and friendship as a motive for their participation in the task). Coalitioning (the leader seeks help from others to convince his followers to take part in the task). Legitimization (the leader justifies his proposal with references to his own authority or proves that the proposal complies with practice, rules, traditions, norms). Coercion (the leader uses demands, harsh reminders, or threats to force followers to complete a task in the way they demand).
Conclusions 1. A small group is a set of individuals who directly interact with each other to achieve common goals and are aware of their belonging to this set. 2. The factors influencing the structure of the group, social psychologists most often include: the purpose of the group, the peculiarity of joint activity, the communication of its members among themselves, group norms, the size of the group, socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of group members. The structure is divided into external (formal) and internal (informal) substructures. 3. The classification of small groups is based on the division into: "primary" and "secondary", "formal" and "informal", "membership groups" and "reference groups". Depending on the nature of joint activity, on the degree of internal unity of the group, the levels of its development are distinguished: association, cooperation, collective, corporation. 4. The leader is a member of the group who, in significant situations, is able to influence the behavior of the other members of the group, the values of the group are most represented in him. Leadership is a natural socio-psychological process in a group built on the influence of an individual's personal authority on the behavior of its members. In the general psychological type of a leader, the components are distinguished: emotionality, efficiency, awareness.
The lesson was developed using the technology of predicted learning outcomes by V.V. Lebedev, the presented material shows the work of students with a large amount of information and its transformation into a scheme that is convenient for memorization.
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STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 45
Methodological development of a lesson in social studies in grade 11
(a basic level of)
SOCIAL GROUPS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
The purpose of the lesson:
- educational: to form the concept of "social interaction", "social community", to show their place in the organization of social relations, to identify the leading features of the concept of "social group", to determine its similar and distinctive features with other related concepts, concretize them with appropriate examples.
- Developing: to continue work on the development of skills to analyze a number of social science terms with the allocation of superfluous or generalizing terms, to make comparisons, to determine factual and value judgments, the ability to isolate the necessary information from a large amount of text.
- nurturing : to promote the development of the skill to establish the correct context of certain social phenomena and give them a worldview assessment.
Lesson steps:
№№ | Stage | Teacher activity | Student activities |
Knowledge update | Front poll:
| Answers to the questions Separated from nature in the process of historical development, but a part of the material world that is closely connected with it; The totality of all relationships and interactions of people and their associations; The product of the joint life of people; Humanity as a whole, taken throughout human history; The form and method of joint life of people There are 4 spheres of society - economic, political. Social and spiritual. Social the sphere consists of social groups, individuals, their relationships and interactions. Social ties and interactions cover all spheres of society, they can be of a causal or functional nature, serve for communication, and be partner or competitive in nature. |
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Explanation of new material | Students are invited to read an excerpt from the Universal Social Science Handbook on the classification of social groups and draw up a map of the lesson, which would clearly reflect the main features of the concept being studied. Students are reminded of the basic principles of lesson mapping: Definition of the most general topic term Refinement of structural elements or special cases that reveal the topic Identification of characteristic features of individual elements Giving specific examples After 15-20 minutes - a frontal check of the correctness of the task is carried out | Drawing up a map of the lesson (see appendix) Oral story on the main points of mapping the lesson |
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Fixing the material | Solving tasks in the USE format; when working with assignments, you can use the lesson map compiled by students | Examples of tasks in parts A, B and C are given below |
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The stage of self-control and analysis of tasks | Part A is submitted to the teacher for verification, parts B and C are checked in the class during a frontal discussion | Engage in a discussion of the relevance of the examples given in Part C, revisiting the issue of factual and value judgments |
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Homework | Writing a mini-argument on the topic "Which social group has the greatest influence on the formation of a person's personality?" |
In accordance with the USE codifier in social studies in 2011, the following concepts are subject to verification:
3.2. Social groups
3.3 Youth as a social group
3.4 ethnic communities
Task types:
Part A
1. Based on gender and age, groups are defined in society
2. Which of the groups are formed on a confessional basis?
3. Sociologists interviewed a group of women aged 35 to 45, with higher education, average income, living in large cities about their preferences in organizing summer holidays. This group of respondents acted for researchers as
4. The historical varieties of ethnic communities include
5. One of the signs of an ethnic group is
6. Are the following statements about social groups correct?
A. Small social groups are the family, the school team, the company of friends.
B. Social groups whose activity is determined by means of normative documents are called formal.
7. Look at the chart "People's Life Aspirations"compiled on the basis of a survey conducted by the sociological service among respondents of three age groups: young people from 20 to 30 years old, middle-aged people from 30 to 40 years old, and people of mature age from 40 to 50 years old.
What conclusions can be drawn from the chart data?
8. For young people, as a special social group, it is typical
9. People occupying an unstable, intermediate position in society are called
Part B
- Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "small groups".
School class, family, tourist group, football team, nationality, interest club, miners' artel.
Find and indicate the term that “falls out” of their series and refers to another concept.
2. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(1) In small groups, all members are in direct contact. (2) Its dimensions range from two to several dozen individuals. (3) The main characteristics of a small group include: direct contact between individuals, interpersonal interaction, the presence of a common goal and activity, stability of the composition. (4) The main thing in a small group, apparently, is the force with which the group acts on its member.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
A) actual character
B) the nature of value judgments.
Write down the resulting sequence of letters.
Part C
1. Give any three features of youth as a social group, each of which is illustrated with a specific example.
Answers:
Part A
Part B
- Nationality
- AAAB
Part C
The response must contain the following elements: Three Features youth and examples illustrating them: 1) the ability to learn new things (for example, a young person is better versed in computer technology than the older generation); 2) a higher level of social mobility (for example, it is easier for a young person to change jobs, get new profession, qualification); 3) messianic complex (for example, a young man strives to transform the world according to his preferences). Other features and other examples may be given. | |
Three features and examples illustrating them are given. | |
Two features are given and examples illustrating them | |
One feature is given and an example illustrating them | |
One feature given without an example OR one example Wrong answer. |
(Kishenkova O.V. Thematic tests for the course "Social Science". Grades 10-11. Preparing for the Unified State Examination. M., 2011)
Text for analysis:
Social groups, their classification
The whole history of people's lives is the history of their relationships and interactions with other people. In the course of these interactions, social communities and groups are formed.
The most general concept issocial community- a set of people united by common conditions of existence, regularly and steadily interacting with each other.
In modern sociology, several types of communities are distinguished.
First of all, nominal communities- a set of people united by common social characteristics, which are established by a scientist-researcher in order to solve his scientific problem. For example, people of the same hair color, skin color, sports lovers, stamp collectors, vacationers at sea can be united, and all these people may never come into contact with each other.
Mass communities- these are real-life aggregates of people who are accidentally united by common conditions of existence and do not have a stable goal of interaction. Fans of sports teams, fans of pop stars, and participants in mass political movements are typical examples of mass communities. The features of mass communities can be considered the randomness of their occurrence, the temporality and uncertainty of the composition. One type of mass community is crowd . The French sociologist G. Tarde defined a crowd as a multitude of persons gathered at the same time in a certain place and united by feeling, faith and action. In the structure of the crowd, leaders stand out on the one hand, and everyone else on the other.
According to the sociologist G. Lebon, the behavior of the crowd is due to a certain infection that provokes collective aspirations. People infected with this infection are capable of ill-conceived, sometimes destructive actions.
How to protect yourself from such an infection? First of all, people with a high culture, well-informed about political events, have immunity to it.
In addition to the crowd, sociologists operate with such concepts as the audience and social circles.
Under the audience is understood as a set of people united by interaction with a certain individual or group (for example, people watching a performance in the theater, students listening to a lecture by a teacher, journalists attending a press conference of a statesman, etc.). The larger the audience, the weaker the connection with the unifying principle. Please note that during the broadcast of a meeting of any large group of people, the TV camera may snatch someone from the audience who has fallen asleep, someone who is reading a newspaper or drawing figures in his notebook. The same situation often occurs in the student audience. Therefore, it is important to remember the rule formulated by the ancient Romans: "Not the speaker is the measure of the listener, but the listener is the measure of the speaker."
social circles- Communities created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members. These communities do not set any common goals, do not undertake joint efforts. Their function is to exchange information. For example, discuss the change in the dollar against other currencies, the performance of the national team in the qualifying round of the World Cup, the reforms planned by the government in the field of education, and so on. A variety of such social circles is a professional circle, for example, scientists, teachers, artists, artists. The most compact in composition is a friendly circle.
Social circles can nominate their leaders, form public opinion, and be the basis for the formation of social groups.
The most common concept in sociology is the social group.
Under social groupis understood as a set of people united on the basis of joint activities, common goals and having an established system of norms, values, life guidelines. In science, several signs of a social group are distinguished:
Composition stability;
duration of existence;
Definiteness of the composition and boundaries;
General system of values and norms;
Awareness of one's belonging to a group by each individual;
Voluntary nature of association (for small groups);
The unification of individuals by external conditions of existence (for large social groups).
In sociology, there are a number of grounds for classifying groups. For example, by the nature of the bonds, groups can be formal and informal. According to the level of interaction within the group, groups are distinguished primary (family, company of friends, like-minded people, classmates), which are characterized by a high level of emotional ties, and groups secondary who have almost no emotional ties (work collective, political party).
Here is an example of the classification of social groups for various reasons in the form of a table:
Types of social groups
Foundations | Group type | Examples |
By number of participants | small medium large | family, group of friends, sports team, company board of directors labor collective, residents of the microdistrict, university graduates ethnic groups, confessions, programmers |
By the nature of relationships and connections | formal informal | political party, labor collective cafe visitors |
At the place of residence | settlement | townspeople, villagers, residents of the metropolitan metropolis, provincials |
Depending on gender and age | demographic | men, women, children, old people, youth |
By ethnicity | ethnic (ethnosocial) | Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Vepsians, Mari |
By income level | socio-economic | rich (high income people), poor (low income people), middle class (middle income people) |
By nature and occupation | professional | programmers, operators, teachers, entrepreneurs, lawyers, turners |
This list could go on and on. It all depends on the basis of classification. For example, all users can be considered a certain social group. personal computers, mobile subscribers, the totality of subway passengers and so on.
A rallying, group-forming factor is also citizenship - a person's belonging to the state, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights and obligations. Citizens of one state are subject to the same laws, have common state symbols. Belonging to certain political parties and organizations establishes ideological affinity. Communists, liberals, social democrats, nationalists imagine the future and the correct structure of society in different ways. In this regard, they are very similar to political communities and religious associations (confessions), only they pay more attention not to external changes, but to the inner world of people, their faith, good and evil deeds, and interpersonal relations.
Special groups are formed by people with common interests. Sports fans from different cities and countries share a passion for their favorite sport; fishermen, hunters and mushroom pickers - search for prey; collectors - the desire to increase their collection; lovers of poetry - feelings about what they read; music lovers - impressions of music and so on. We can easily find all of them in the crowd of passers-by - fans (fans) wear the colors of their favorite team, music lovers walk with players and are completely absorbed in music, etc. Finally, students from all over the world are united by the desire for knowledge and education.
We have listed quite large communities that unite thousands and even millions of people. But there are also countless smaller groups - people in line, passengers of the same compartment on the train, vacationers in a sanatorium, museum visitors, neighbors on the porch, street comrades, party participants. Unfortunately, there are also socially dangerous groups - gangs of teenagers, mafia organizations, extortionate racketeers, drug addicts and substance addicts, alcoholics, beggars, homeless people (homeless people), street hooligans, gamblers. All of them are either directly related to the underworld, or are under its scrutiny. And the boundaries of the transition from one group to another are very invisible. A regular casino visitor can instantly lose all his fortune, get into debt, become a beggar, sell an apartment or join a criminal gang. The same threatens drug addicts and alcoholics, many of whom at first believe that they will give up this hobby at any moment if they wish. Getting into the listed groups is much easier than getting out of them, and the consequences are the same - prison, death or an incurable disease.
Almost all of the above social groups now exist in our country. The biggest problem in Russian society is the huge gulf between a small group of super-rich people and the bulk of the population living on the edge of poverty. Developed modern societies are characterized by the presence of the so-called middle class. It is made up of people who have private property, an average income level and a certain independence from the state. Such people are free to express their views, it is difficult to put pressure on them, they do not allow violations of their rights. The more representatives of this group, the more prosperous society as a whole. It is believed that in a stable society, the representatives of the middle class should be 85-90%. Unfortunately, this group is just being formed in our country, and ensuring its rapid growth is one of the main tasks of state policy.
(Kishenkova O.V., Semke N.N. Social Studies. Universal reference book. - M.: EKSMO, 2010. - p. 213-215)
What skills and abilities are fixed during the lesson
In accordance with the USE codifier in social studies in 2011, the following skills and abilities are subject to consolidation during the lesson:
2.2 analyze up-to-date information about social objects, revealing their common features and differences; to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of the studied social phenomena and social science terms and concepts
2.5 searchsocial information presented in various sign systems (text, scheme, table, diagram); extract from unadapted original texts (legal, popular science, journalistic, etc.) knowledge on given topics; systematize, analyze and generalize disordered social information; distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions
3.4 orientation in current social events, determination of personal civic position
Lesson experience
When compiling the lesson map, the greatest difficulties arose in determining the most general term in the text proposed for analysis. This is the concept of "social community", but taking into account the stated topic of the lesson, a number of students tend to consider the term "social group" as such. When considering the classifications of social groups, not everyone can digress from the list of the table and pay attention to the presence of explanations in the text after it, to single out marginal groups. However, almost all (90% of students) managed to cope with this form of work.
The consideration of the questions of part A practically does not cause difficulties for schoolchildren, as well as for part B. The analysis of the work performed showed 100% completion of test tasks with the choice of 1 correct answer out of 4, and 90% completion of the tasks of part B. The task of part C caused some difficulty. A typical mistake was a misunderstanding of the need to write out specific examples for the characteristics of young people as a social group; that the feature is not an example and cannot replace it. There were also problems with the selection of characteristic features and examples. It should be noted that the tasks of part A were selected specifically taking into account task C and contained explicit answers and hints, this will allow us to further consider the topic of youth, based on the tasks of part C. The percentage of those who completed this work was 75%.
When discussing the tasks performed, questions were raised that required a worldview assessment, including those related to the modern structure of society in the Russian Federation and marginalized strata of the population.
Bibliography:
- Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V. Social Studies. A complete guide to preparing for the exam. – M.: Astrel, 2010.
- Bakhmutova L.S. Social Studies. Grade 11. Part 2. Modern society. – M.: VLADOS, 2004.
- Kishenkova O.V., Semke N.N. Social Studies. Universal reference book. – M.: EKSMO, 2010.
- Lazebnikova A.Yu., E.L. Rutkovskaya, N.I. Gorodetskaya, E.S. Korolkova. Social Studies. Typical test tasks. USE-2010. - M .: Exam, 2010
- Lazebnikova A.Yu., E.L. Rutkovskaya, N.I. Gorodetskaya, E.S. Korolkova. Social Studies. Typical test tasks. USE-2011. - M .: Exam, 2011
- Lazebnikova A.Yu., Rutkovskaya E.L., Gorodetskaya N.I., Korolkova E.S., Brandt M.Yu. Social Studies. Entrance tests. - M.: Exam, 2010
- Social Studies. (under the editorship of Marchenko M.N.). – M.: Zertsalo, 2008.
- Social Studies. Workshop. Grade 11. profile level. (under the editorship of L.N. Bogolyubov). – M.: Enlightenment, 2008.
- Social Studies. Solving complex problems. Excellent student of the exam. – M.: Intellect-Centre, 2010.
- Rutkovskaya E.L., Lazebnikova A.Yu., Korolkova E.S. Social Studies. Common Mistakes when performing tasks of the Unified State Exam. - M .: Russian word, 2009.
- Sorokina E.N. Pourochnye developments in social science. profile level. Grade 11. - M.: VAKO, 2010
Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "Family in modern society." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Explanation.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:
1) The concept of family.
2) Family functions:
a) reproductive;
b) economic;
c) socialization, etc.
4) Types of families:
c) large, childless.
5) Family resources:
a) economic;
b) informational;
c) labor, etc.
8) State and family.
Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "Socialization of the individual." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Explanation.
Correspondence of the structure of the proposed answer to a plan of a complex type;
The presence of plan items indicating that the examinee understands the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be disclosed on the merits;
The correctness of the wording of the points of the plan.
1. The concept of "Socialization"
2. The main stages of socialization:
a) primary;
b) secondary.
3. Socialization functions:
a) Mastering the system of knowledge about the world, man and society;
b) the assimilation of moral values and guidelines;
c) mastering practical skills and abilities.
4. Factors (agents) of socialization:
b) education;
c) a group of friends (peers);
d) media, etc.
5. Desocialization and resocialization of the individual.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal interrogative or mixed forms.
The presence of any two of the 2-4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic in essence.
Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "Nations and interethnic relations in the modern world." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Explanation.
When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account:
Correspondence of the structure of the proposed answer to a plan of a complex type;
The presence of plan items indicating that the examinee understands the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be disclosed on the merits;
The correctness of the wording of the points of the plan.
The wording of the points of the plan, which are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic, are not counted in the assessment.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic.
1) The concept of a nation:
a) as an ethnic group;
b) as a general civil community.
2) Signs of an ethnic group:
a) the presence of the territory of residence;
b) common language, traditions, customs;
c) commonality of historical and sociocultural experience;
d) similar features of appearance, character and mentality.
3) Varieties of ethnic groups:
a) clan and tribe;
b) nationality;
4) The main trends in the development of interethnic relations:
a) international integration;
b) international differentiation.
5) Democratic principles of interethnic relations:
a) equality of representatives of different nations in all spheres of society;
b) free access to the study of national languages, customs and traditions;
c) the right of citizens to determine their nationality;
d) development of tolerance and multicultural dialogue in society;
e) creating in society an intolerant attitude towards xenophobia, chauvinism, propaganda of national exclusiveness.
6) Interethnic relations and national policy in modern Russia.
Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.
The presence of any two of the 1, 2, 4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic in essence.
Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic "Family as a social institution." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Explanation.
When analyzing the response, the following is taken into account:
Correspondence of the structure of the proposed answer to a plan of a complex type;
The presence of plan items indicating that the examinee understands the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be disclosed on the merits;
The correctness of the wording of the points of the plan.
The wording of the points of the plan, which are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic, are not counted in the assessment.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:
1. The concept of family.
2. Family functions:
a) reproductive;
b) economic;
c) socialization, etc.
3. Rights and obligations of family members.
4. Signs of the family as a social institution:
a) the existence of norms and sanctions governing relations within the framework of the institution of the family;
b) a specific status-role system (spouses, parents and children, etc.);
c) satisfaction of socially significant needs, etc.
5. Family resources:
a) economic;
b) informational;
c) labor, etc.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal interrogative or mixed forms.
The presence of any two of the 2, 4, 5 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic in essence.
1) The concept of family.
2) Family functions:
a) reproductive;
b) economic;
c) socialization, etc.
3) Rights and obligations of family members.
4) Types of families:
a) patriarchal, democratic;
b) multigenerational, nuclear;
c) large, childless.
5) Family resources:
a) economic;
b) informational;
c) labor, etc.
6) Signs of a family as a small group:
a) consanguinity and (or) marital relationship of family members;
b) joint housekeeping, life;
c) mutual support, care of family members, etc.
7) Changes in society and the modern family:
a) changing the position of women in society and the family: a family of partner type;
b) from a multigenerational family to a nuclear one;
c) reduction in the number of children, an increase in the number of single-parent families, etc.
Other number and (or) other correct wordings of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.
The presence of any two of the 2, 4, 6 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits
Take the test for these tasks
Young people - this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years 7), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.
Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.
Features of the social status of youth
- Transition of the position.
– High level of mobility.
- Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
- Active search for your place in life.
- Favorable professional and career prospects.
Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:
- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
– self-organization and independence from official structures;
- obligatory for participants and different from typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
- expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.
Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.
The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.
Job Sample
A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about the psychological characteristics of young people correct?
A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.
B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person, the discovery of one's own "I", becomes more important.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Answer: 3.
Topic 13. Ethnic communities
Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in numbers and in the level of development. All ethnic communities of the world are part of more than two hundred countries. Therefore, most modern states are polyethnic. For example, several hundred ethnic communities live in India, and there are 200 peoples in Nigeria. The Russian Federation currently includes more than a hundred ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.
ethnic community - it is a stable set of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) that has historically developed in a certain territory, having common features and stable features of culture, language, mental make-up, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, difference from other similar entities.
There are different approaches to understanding the essence of ethnic groups.
Types of ethnic communities
Genus - a group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) 9 .
Tribe - a set of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, the unity of religious ideas, rituals.
Nationality - a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture.
Nation - a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, ethnic identity.
In sociology, the concept is widely used ethnic minorities , which includes more than just quantitative data.
The features of an ethnic minority are as follows:
- its representatives are in a disadvantageous position compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination(belittling, belittling, infringement) on the part of other ethnic groups;
- its members experience a certain sense of group solidarity, "belonging to a single whole";
– it is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society.
The natural prerequisite for the formation of one or another ethnic group was community of territory because it created the necessary conditions for the joint activities of people. However, in the future, when the ethnos has formed, this feature loses its main significance and may be completely absent. So, some ethnic groups and in the conditions diaspora(from Gr. diaspora - dispersion) retained their identity, not having a single territory.
Another important condition for the formation of an ethnos is common language. But even this sign cannot be considered universal, since in a number of cases (for example, the USA), an ethnos is formed in the course of the development of economic, political and other ties, and common languages are the result of this process.
A more stable sign of an ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values , norms and patterns of behavior, as well as related socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness and behavior of people.
An integrative indicator of the existing socio-ethnic community is ethnic identity - a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, awareness of one's unity and difference from other ethnic groups.
An important role in the development of ethnic self-consciousness is played by ideas about a common origin, history, historical destinies, as well as traditions, customs, rituals, folklore, i.e. such elements of culture that are passed down from generation to generation and form a specific ethnic culture.
Thanks to ethnic self-awareness, a person keenly feels the interests of his people, compares them with the interests of other peoples, the world community. Awareness of ethnic interests induces a person to activities in the process of which they are realized.
Note two sides national interests:
– it is necessary to preserve its peculiarity, originality in the flow of human history, the uniqueness of its culture, language, strive for population growth, ensuring a sufficient level of economic development;
- it is necessary not to psychologically fence off from other nations and peoples, not to turn state borders into an "iron curtain", one should enrich one's culture with contacts, borrowings from other cultures.
Ethno-national communities develop from a clan, tribe, nation, reaching the level of a nation-state.
A derivative of the concept of "nation" is the term nationality, which is used in Russian as the name of a person's belonging to any ethnic group.
Many modern researchers consider a classic inter-ethnic nation, in which general civil qualities come to the fore, and at the same time, the features of its constituent ethnic groups are preserved - language, their own culture, traditions, and customs.
Interethnic, civil nation is an a set (community) of citizens of a state. Some scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the "end of the nation" in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that it is necessary to talk not about the "end of the nation", but about its new qualitative state.
Job Sample
B6. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. “The concepts of “__________” (1) and “ethnos” are similar, therefore their definitions are similar. Recently, the term “ethnos” (more precisely) has been increasingly used in ethnography, sociology and political science. There are three types of ethnos. For __________ (2) the main reason for uniting people into one __________ (3) is blood and family ties and a common ___________ (4) With the emergence of states, __________ (5) appear, consisting of people connected to each other not by blood relationship, but by economic and cultural relations territorially During the period of bourgeois socio-economic relations, __________ (6) is formed - an ethno-social organism, united by cultural, linguistic, historical, territorial-political ties and having, according to the English historian D. Hosking, "a common sense of fate" ".
The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
A) origin
B) community
E) nationality
G) nationality
I) diaspora
The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.
Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.
Answer: DBVAEG.
