As part of corporate information systems, two relatively independent components can be distinguished:

computer infrastructure organization, which is a set of network, telecommunications, software, information and organizational infrastructures (this component is usually called corporate network);

interconnected functional subsystems, ensuring the solution of the tasks of the organization and the achievement of its goals.

The first component reflects the system-technical, structural side of any information system. In fact, this is the basis for the integration of functional subsystems, which completely determines the properties of the information system, its successful operation. The requirements for the computer infrastructure are unified and standardized, and the methods of its construction are well known and repeatedly tested in practice.

The second component of the corporate information system is entirely related to the application area and largely depends on the specific tasks and goals of the enterprise. This component is completely based on the computer infrastructure of the enterprise and determines the application functionality of the information system. The requirements for functional subsystems are complex and often contradictory, as they are put forward by specialists from various applied fields. However, in the end, it is this component that is more important for the functioning of the organization, since for it, in fact, the computer infrastructure is being built.

End of work -

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All topics in this section:

Factors influencing the development of corporate information systems
Recently, more and more managers are beginning to clearly realize the importance of building a corporate information system at an enterprise as a necessary tool for successful management.

Development of enterprise management methods
The theory of enterprise management is a rather extensive subject for study and improvement. This is due to the constant change and diversity of situations in the world market. All vr

Development of approaches to technical and software implementation of elements of information systems
In parallel with the development of the hardware of information systems over the past years, there has been a constant search for new, more convenient and universal methods of software and technological reality.

The relationship between the components of the information system
The relationship between these two components of the information system is quite complex. On the one hand, these two components are in a certain sense independent. For example, networking and proto

File server architecture
In the file server architecture, there is no network separation of the PS and PL dialog components, and the computer is used for display functions, which facilitates the construction of a graphical interface. File

Client-server architecture
The client-server architecture is designed to solve the problems of file-server applications by separating application components and placing them where they will function most effectively.

Layered architecture
The layered architecture has evolved from the client-server architecture and in its classical form consists of three layers: the lower layer represents the client applications, dedicated

Accounting
Accounting is a classic and most frequently implemented area of ​​application of information technology today. This situation is quite understandable. First, an accountant's error can

Warehouse management, assortment, purchases
Further, it is possible to automate the process of analyzing the movement of goods, thereby tracking and fixing those twenty percent of the assortment that bring eighty percent of the profit. This will also allow

Process control
Optimal control of the production process is a very time-consuming task. The main mechanism here is planning. Automated solution of a similar problem yes

Providing information about the company
The active development of the Internet has led to the need to create corporate servers to provide various kinds of information about the enterprise. Almost every self-respecting enterprise now

Flexibility
Flexibility, ability to adapt and further development implies the possibility of adapting the information system to new conditions, new needs of the enterprise. The fulfillment of these conditions in

Reliability
The reliability of an information system implies its functioning without distortion of information, loss of data due to "technical reasons". The reliability requirement is ensured by the creation of backup copies

Efficiency
The system is effective if, taking into account the resources allocated to it, it allows solving the tasks assigned to it in the shortest possible time. In any case, performance evaluation will produce

Security
Security, first of all, means the property of the system, by virtue of which unauthorized persons do not have access to the information resources of the organization, except for those that are intended for them.

Life cycle of information systems
The development of a corporate information system, as a rule, is carried out for a well-defined enterprise. Features of the subject activity of the enterprise, of course, have an impact on the

Project concept
A project is a time-limited purposeful change of a separate system with initially clearly defined goals, the achievement of which means the completion of the project.

Main phases of information system design
Each project, regardless of the complexity and amount of work required for its implementation, goes through certain stages in its development: from the state when “there is no project yet”, to the state when “

Concept phase
The main content of the work at the conceptual phase is the definition of the project, the development of its concept, including: the formation of an idea, setting goals; formation of a key

Preparation of a technical proposal
The main content of the technical proposal preparation phase is the specification of the technical proposal in the course of negotiations with the customer on the conclusion of the contract. The general content of the work of this phase:

Commissioning the system
During the system commissioning phase, tests are being carried out, trial operation of the system is underway in real conditions, and negotiations are underway on the results of the project and on possible new contracts.

Processes occurring throughout the life cycle of an information system
The concept of the life cycle is one of basic concepts methodology for designing information systems. The life cycle of an information system is a continuous

Development
The development of an information system includes all work on the creation of information software and its components in accordance with the specified requirements. Development of information

Exploitation
Operational work can be divided into preparatory and main. The preparatory ones include: configuring the database and user workstations; security

Escort
Services technical support play a very prominent role in the life of any corporate information system. Availability of qualified Maintenance at the stage of operation information

Supporting lifecycle processes
Among the auxiliary processes, one of the main places is occupied by configuration management. This is the supporting process that supports the main processes of the information system life cycle.

Organizational processes
Project management is related to the issues of planning and organizing work, creating teams of developers and monitoring the timing and quality of work performed. Technical and organizational support

Information system life cycle structure
The complete life cycle of an information system includes, as a rule, strategic planning, analysis, design, implementation, implementation and operation. In general

initial stage
At the initial stage, the scope of the system is established and the boundary conditions are determined. To do this, it is necessary to identify all external objects with which the developer must interact.

Refinement stage
At the refinement stage, an analysis of the application area is carried out, and the architectural basis of the information system is developed. When making any decisions regarding the architecture of the system, it is necessary to

Information system life cycle models
The model of the life cycle of an information system will be called a certain structure that determines the sequence of implementation of processes, actions and tasks performed over a period of time.

Cascade model of the information system life cycle
Waterfall model demonstrates the classic approach to development various systems in any application area. For the development of information systems this model widely used in the 70s and early

The main stages of development according to the waterfall model
Over the decades of the existence of the waterfall model, the division of work into stages and the names of these stages have changed. In addition, the most reasonable methods and standards avoided rigid and unambiguous attribution

The main advantages of the waterfall model
The cascade model has a number of positive aspects, thanks to which it has proven itself well in performing various kinds of engineering developments and has become widespread. Consider

Disadvantages of the waterfall model
The list of disadvantages of the waterfall model when it is used for the development of information systems is quite extensive. First, just list them, and then consider the main ones in more detail:

Iterations
Each iteration is a complete development cycle leading to the release of an internal or external version of a product (or a subset of the final product) that improves from the iteration.

Benefits of the Spiral Model
The spiral approach to software development overcomes most of the shortcomings of the waterfall model and, in addition, provides a number of additional features, making the process

Disadvantages of the Spiral Model
The main problem of the spiral cycle is determining the moment of transition to the next stage. To solve it, it is necessary to introduce time limits for each of the stages of the life cycle. Otherwise, the process

Methodology and technology for the development of information systems
The methodology for creating information systems is to organize the process of building an information system and to manage this process in order to guarantee the implementation

RAD Methodology
At the initial stage of the existence of computer information systems, their development was carried out in traditional programming languages. However, as the complexity of the systems being developed increases and requests

Key features of the RAD methodology
The methodology for creating information systems, based on the use of rapid application development tools, has recently become widespread and has acquired the name of the methodology

Object Oriented Approach
RAD tools made it possible to implement a completely different technology for creating applications compared to the traditional one: information objects are formed as some operating models (prototypes), whose functions

visual programming
The application of the principles of object-oriented programming made it possible to create fundamentally new application design tools, called visual programming tools.

Event programming
The logic of an application built with RAD tools is event-driven. This means that every object that is part of the application can emit events and respond to events.

Requirements analysis and planning phase
At the phase of requirements analysis and planning, the following are determined: the functions that the developed information system should perform; highest priority functions that require permission

Design phase
In the design phase, CASE tools are a necessary tool, used to quickly get working application prototypes. Prototypes created using CASE tools, and

Build phase
The build phase is where the actual rapid development of the application takes place. In this phase, developers iteratively build real system based on previously obtained models, as well as t

Implementation phase
The implementation phase basically boils down to training users of the developed information system. Since the build phase is quite short, planning and preparation for implementation

Limitations of the RAD methodology
Despite all its advantages, the RAD methodology (as well as any other methodology) cannot claim to be universal. Its application is most effective when creating relatively small

Profiles of open information systems
The creation, maintenance and development of modern complex information systems is based on the methodology of building such systems as open ones. Open Information Systems with

The concept of an information system profile
When creating and developing complex, distributed, replicated information systems, flexible formation and application of harmonized sets of basic standards and regulatory documents is required.

Principles of information system profile formation
Profiles of information systems are designed to solve the following tasks: reducing the complexity of projects; improving the quality of information system components; ensuring ra

Information systems profile structure
The development and application of profiles are an integral part of the design, development and maintenance of information systems. Profiles characterize each specific information system

Application software profile
Applied software is always problem-oriented and defines the main functions of the information system. The functional profiles of the system should include consistent

Information system environment profile
The information system environment profile should define its architecture in accordance with the chosen data processing model. Application environment interface (API) standards should be defined

Information security profile
The information security profile should enforce the policy information security developed in accordance with the required safety category and safety criteria specified

Tool Profile
The profile of the tools built into the information system should reflect decisions on the choice of methodology and technology for creating, maintaining and developing the information system. In this p

Standards and Methods in Information Systems
One of the important conditions effective use information technology is the introduction of corporate standards. Corporate standards are an agreement on uniform rules for organizing

Types of standards
The standards that exist today can be conditionally divided into several groups: On the subject of standardization. This group includes functional standards (standards

Oracle CDM
One of the already established activities of Oracle has become the development of methodological foundations and the production of tools for automating the development of complex applications.

General structure
The life cycle is formed from certain stages (phases) of the project and processes, each of which is carried out over several stages. The CDM methodology defines the following life phases

Features of the CDM technique
Let us note the main features of the CDM technique, which determine the scope of its application and its inherent limitations. The degree of adaptability of CDM is limited to three life cycle models:

General structure
The ISO 12207 standard does not provide for any stages (phases or stages) of the life cycle of an information system. This standard defines only a number of processes, and in comparison with CDM, the standard

Main and auxiliary life cycle processes
The ISO 12207 standard describes five basic software life cycle processes. The acquisition process defines the activities of the acquiring enterprise that acquires

Features of ISO 12207
All of the above allows us to formulate some features of the ISO 12207 standard. The ISO 12207 standard is dynamic in nature, due to the way the sequence of

Information system is an environment, the constituent elements of which are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various technological and software. And information technology is a set of operations and actions on data. All processes of information transformation in the information system are carried out with the help of information technologies. As a result, information technology is a broader concept than an information system. The implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented towards it. Information technology can exist outside the scope of the information system.

An information system (IS) is a set of information, technical, software, mathematical, organizational, legal, ergonomic, linguistic, technological and other means, as well as personnel designed to collect, process, store and issue information and make management decisions. The functioning of IS in time consists in the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information about the activities of some economic entity in the real world.

The set of these functions defines the processes in the information system:

Entering information from external and internal sources;

Processing of incoming information;

Storage of information for its subsequent use;

Displaying information in a user-friendly form;

Feedback, that is, the use of processed information to compare with the original, in order to correct the incoming information.

If earlier information systems perceived as a means of automating the auxiliary activities of the enterprise, now information systems have become a means of obtaining a competitive advantage.

The structure of each information system consists of functional and supporting subsystems (Fig. 1.9).

Functional subsystems IP provide informational support for certain types of activities of the enterprise, characteristic of the structural divisions of the enterprise and management functions. The functional subsystem is a complex of economic tasks with a high degree of information exchanges (connections) between them. At the same time, we will understand a task as some information processing process with a well-defined set of input and output information (for example, payroll, order accounting, booking, etc.). The composition of functional subsystems is largely determined by the characteristics of the economic system, its sectoral affiliation, form of ownership, size, nature of the enterprise.

The functional subsystem is a subsystem that implements one or more related functions. The purpose of the subsystem, its main tasks, goals and functions are determined by the types of activities of production and economic facilities: production, personnel, financial, marketing. These areas of activity determine a typical set of functional subsystems of IS.

The supporting subsystem is an environment in which means are used to transform information, regardless of the scope. Integration functional subsystems in single system is achieved through the creation and operation of supporting subsystems, such as software, technical, organizational, legal, informational, ergonomic, linguistic and mathematical subsystems.

1. Subsystem "Software"- is a set of programs that implement the functions of IP; instructive and methodological materials on the use of software tools; as well as personnel involved in the development and maintenance of programs for the entire period of the IP life cycle.

The software is divided into two complexes: system-wide (operating systems, operating shells, compilers, interpreters, software environments for the development of application programs, DBMS, network programs, antivirus programs, test and diagnostic programs) and application software (a set of application programs developed for specific tasks within the framework of functional subsystems, and test cases).

2. Subsystem "Hardware"- this is a set of technical means designed for data processing in IS; methodological and guidance materials, technical documentation; personnel serving these technical means. The complex includes computers, means of collecting and registering information, means of transmitting data via communication channels, means of accumulating and storing data and issuing result information, auxiliary equipment and organizational equipment (Fig. 1.10).

Funds computer science intended mainly for the implementation of complex technologies for processing and storing information and are the basis for the integration of all modern technical means for ensuring the management of information resources:

Personal computers, all resources of which are fully directed to ensure the activities of one employee;

Corporate computers (main frame), which ensure the joint activities of many employees within the same organization, one project, one area of ​​information activity using the same information and computing resources;

- supercomputers- this is computing systems with extreme characteristics of computing power and information resources(military, space activities, basic scientific research, global weather forecast).

Communication equipment provides one of the main functions of management activities - the transfer of information within the control system and the exchange of data with the external environment, involves the use of a variety of methods and technologies.

Communication equipment includes:

Means and systems of stationary and mobile telephone communication;

Means and systems of telegraph communication;

Means and systems of facsimile transmission of information and modem communication;

Means and systems of cable and radio communication, including optical fiber and satellite communications(computer networks).

Office equipment is intended for automation and mechanization of management activities. Technologies for storing, presenting and using information are implemented, as well as for performing various auxiliary operations within the framework of certain technologies for information support of management activities.

The whole set of office equipment can be represented in the form of the following groups:

Information carriers;

Means of production of text and spreadsheet documents;

Means of reprography and operational polygraphy;

Means of document processing;

Means of storage, search and transportation of documents;

Bank office equipment;

Small office equipment;

Office furniture and equipment;

Other office equipment.

3. Subsystem "Organizational support" is one of the most important subsystems of IS, on which the successful implementation of the goals and functions of the system depends. As part of organizational support, four groups of components can be distinguished.

The first group includes the most important methodological materials that regulate the process of creating and operating the system:

Industry-wide guidance materials on the creation of IP;

Standard design solutions;

Methodological materials on the organization and conduct of a pre-project survey at the enterprise;

Methodological materials on the creation and implementation of project documentation.

Second component in the structure of organizational support of IS is a set of tools necessary for the effective design and operation of IS (standard application software packages, standard enterprise management structures, unified document systems, system-wide and industry classifiers, etc.).

third component organizational support subsystem is the technical documentation obtained in the process of examination, design and implementation of the system: feasibility study, terms of reference, technical and working projects and documents that draw up the stage-by-stage commissioning of the system.

fourth component organizational support subsystem is the staff, which presents the organizational and staffing structure of the project, which determines, in particular, the composition of the main designers of the system and specialists in functional management subsystems.

4. Subsystem "Legal support" is intended to regulate the process of creation and operation of IS, which includes a set of legal documents with a statement of regulatory relations for the formation, storage, processing of intermediate and resultant information of the system.

The legal documents in force at the stage of system creation include: an agreement between the developer and the customer; documents regulating relations between participants in the process of creating a system.

The legal documents created at the implementation stage include: characterization of the status of the system being created; legal powers of IP subdivisions; legal powers of certain types of information processing processes; legal relations of users in the use of technical means.

5. Subsystem "Information support" is a set of design decisions on the volume, placement, forms of organization of information circulating in the IS (information flows). It includes a set of indicators, reference data, classifiers and codifiers of information, unified documentation systems specially organized for servicing, and information arrays on appropriate media.

The subsystem includes two complexes. These are components of out-of-machine information support (classifiers of technical and economic information, information codifiers, reference data, unified documentation systems) and components of in-machine information support (layouts / screen forms for input / output of information, structure information base). It also includes personnel who ensure the reliability of storage, the timeliness and quality of information processing technology.

The central component of information support is the database through which the exchange of data of various tasks is carried out. The database provides an integrated use of various information objects in functional subsystems.

6. Subsystem "Ergonomic support"- this is a set of methods and tools used at various stages of the development and operation of IS, designed to create optimal conditions for highly efficient human (personnel) activity in IS, for its rapid development. It contains a set of various documentation that regulates ergonomic requirements for workplaces, information models, the conditions of personnel activity, as well as methods for implementing these requirements and carrying out an ergonomic examination of the level of their implementation.

7. Subsystem "Linguistic support" includes a set of scientific and technical terms used in the process of development and operation of IS, and other language tools used in information systems. Language tools are divided into two groups: traditional languages ​​(natural, mathematical, algorithmic languages, modeling languages) and languages ​​intended for dialogue with a computer (information retrieval languages, DBMS languages, languages ​​of operating environments, input languages ​​of application packages).

8. Subsystem "Mathematical support" is a set of mathematical models and algorithms for solving problems and processing information using computer technology. It also includes a set of tools and methods used to solve economic problems and in the process of designing information systems; technical documentation (description of tasks, tasks for the algorithmization of the economic and mathematical model, tasks and concrete examples their decisions) personnel (specialists in computational methods, IS designers, control task managers, etc.).

All supporting subsystems are connected with each other and with functional subsystems. The subsystem "Organizational support" determines the procedure for the development and implementation of IS, the organizational structure of IS and the composition of employees, legal instructions for which are contained in the subsystem legal support.

Functional subsystems determine the composition of tasks and problem statements, mathematical models and algorithms, the solutions of which are developed as part of the "Mathematical Software" subsystem and which, in turn, serve as the basis for the development of application programs that are part of the "Software" subsystem.

Functional subsystems, components of mathematical and software determine the principles of organization and composition of document classifiers, the composition of the information base.

The development of the structure and composition of the information base allows you to integrate all the tasks of functional subsystems into a single information system that operates according to the principles formulated in the documents of organizational and legal support.

Volumetric data flows of information Together with the calculated data regarding the degree of complexity of the developed algorithms and programs, they make it possible to select the hardware components. The selected set of technical means makes it possible to determine the type operating system, and the developed software, information support allows organizing information processing technology to solve problems included in the corresponding functional subsystems

In accordance with the nature of information processing in IS at various levels of economic system management (operational, tactical and strategic), the following types of information systems are classified, respectively: data processing system, information management system and decision support system.

An IS is considered ideal, which includes all three types of the listed information systems.

On fig. 1.11 presented classification of information systems on a professional basis, taking into account the levels of management and qualifications of specialists based on the line of information systems for the hotel and restaurant business, presented by Libra (www.libra-russia.ru).

The base of the pyramid is information systems, with the help of which employees-executors are engaged in operational processing of data, and lower-level managers - in operational management. The Epitome PMS hotel management system is integrated with Squirre-lOne restaurant management system, ProStore, Libra F&B and accounting systems for production process automation, warehouse management and food control systems. The Premier SPA system is used to manage both individual SPA centers and as part of hotels and resorts.

At the top of the pyramid at the level of strategic management, information systems change their role and become strategic, supporting the activities of top managers. The Mozaik Business Intelligence (BI) business intelligence system is used by managers to perform multi-dimensional analysis and strategic business planning across the entire enterprise. Optional Libra module control panel allows hotel management to compare the planned performance of the hotel with the actual results, allowing you to control the implementation of the budget and receive visual information about the activities of hotels in real time.

At the tactical level management (in the middle of the pyramid) middle managers using the system corporate governance Core can manage a chain of hotels, providing direct integration with local and international sales channels. The Karyon system represents for them new service provider designed to promote the hotel through a variety of international sales channels. And with Libra OnDemand CRM, a subscription-based system, managers manage sales, events, and customer relationships.

As follows from Fig. 1.11, the higher the level of control, the less the amount of work performed by specialists with the help of information systems. However, this increases the complexity and intellectual capabilities of the information system, its role in decision-making by specialists.

Any level of management needs information from all functional systems, but in different volumes and with varying degrees of generalization. Depending on the coverage of functions and levels of management, corporate (integrated) and local IS are distinguished.

Corporate (integrated) IS automates all management functions at all levels of management, is a multi-user system and operates in a distributed computer network. An example is the IS "Edelweiss" of the Reksoft company (www.rea.ru/hotel/it/, Saak A.E.), which provides full automation of hotels (Fig. 1.12). The system is implemented according to the "client-server" architecture, the central server of the system stores all the information ever entered into the system. Along the perimeter are workstations, which are the client places of users. On fig. 1.12 they are compared to specific departments, and the number of jobs in each department is set as needed.

The arrows show the main information flows flowing between workstations and the server. The specific distribution of functions between departments, the names and number of structural units may vary from hotel to hotel. In this case, both the number of required workstations and the list of functions performed by them may change.

Local IS automates separate management functions at separate levels of management, can be single-user, functioning in separate divisions of the management system.

Stages of development of information systems

With the development and improvement of computer technology, programming languages ​​and software, automated systems data processing has undergone several stages of development. In the early stages, computers performed cumbersome calculations instead of humans when solving numerical problems. In this case, large amounts of memory were not required, and the programming languages ​​used were focused on working with numerical data and performing engineering calculations.

Table 1. Changing the approach to the use of information systems

Time period	The concept of using information	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
1950 - 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplify invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 - 1970	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
1970 - 1980	Management control of implementation (sales)	Decision support systems. Top management systems	Selection of the most rational solution
1980 - 2000	Information is a strategic resource providing a competitive advantage	Strategic information systems. Automated offices	Firm survival and prosperity

The first information systems appeared in the 1950s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting calculating machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for the preparation of paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To do this, organizations needed general-purpose computing equipment capable of performing many functions, not just processing invoices and calculating payroll, as was the case in the past.

In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become strategic source information and are used at all levels of the organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing on time necessary information, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.

Comparison of information systems with traditional software products

Although information systems are common software product, they have a number of significant differences from standard application programs and systems.

Depending on the subject area, information systems can vary greatly in their functions, architecture, and implementation. However, there are a number of properties that are common:

Information systems are designed to collect, store and process information. Therefore, at the heart of any of them is the environment for storing and accessing data;

· information systems are oriented to the end user who is not highly qualified in the field of computer technology. Therefore, the client applications of the information system should have a simple, convenient, easy-to-learn interface that provides the end user with all the functions necessary for work, but at the same time does not allow him to perform any unnecessary actions.

Thus, when developing an information system, two main tasks have to be solved:

the task of developing a database designed to store information;

The task of developing a graphical user interface for client applications.

The main components of corporate information systems

As part of corporate information systems, two relatively independent components can be distinguished:

· computer infrastructure of the organization, which is a set of network, telecommunications, software, information and organizational infrastructures. This component is usually called the corporate network.

Interrelated functional subsystems that ensure the solution of the problems of the organization and the achievement of its goals.

The first component reflects the system-technical, structural side of any information system. In fact, this is the basis for the integration of functional subsystems, which completely determines the properties of the information system that determine its successful operation. The requirements for the computer infrastructure are unified and standardized, and the methods of its construction are well known and repeatedly tested in practice.

The second component of the corporate information system is entirely related to the application area and is highly dependent on the specific tasks and goals of the enterprise. This component is completely based on the computer infrastructure of the enterprise and determines the application functionality of the information system. The requirements for functional subsystems are complex and often contradictory, as they are put forward by specialists from various application areas. However, in the end, it is this component that is more important for the functioning of the organization, since for it, in fact, the computer infrastructure is being built.

The relationship between the components of the information system

The relationship between these two components of the information system is quite complex. On the one hand, these two components are in a certain sense independent. For example, the organization of the network and the protocols used to exchange data between computers are absolutely independent of what methods and programs are planned to be used in the enterprise for organizing accounting.

On the other hand, these components in a certain sense still depend on each other. Functional subsystems, in principle, cannot exist without a computer infrastructure. At the same time, the computer and infrastructure itself is quite limited, since it does not have the necessary functionality. It is impossible to operate a distributed information system in the absence of a network infrastructure. Although, with a well-developed infrastructure, it is possible to provide a number of useful system-wide services to the employees of the organization (for example, email access to the Internet) that make work easier and more efficient (particularly through the use of more advanced means of communication).

Thus, it is advisable to start the development of an information system with the construction of a computer infrastructure ( corporate network) as the most important component, based on proven industrial technologies and guaranteed to be implemented within a reasonable time and due to a high degree of certainty both in the formulation of the problem and in the proposed solutions.

It makes no sense to build a corporate network as a kind of self-sufficient system without taking into account the application functionality. If in the process of creating a system-technical infrastructure, analysis and automation of management tasks are not carried out, then the funds invested in the development of a corporate network will not subsequently give a real return.

The corporate network is created for many years to come, the capital costs for its development and implementation are so high that it practically excludes the possibility of a complete or partial alteration existing network. Functional subsystems, in contrast to the corporate network, are changeable in nature, since more or less significant changes are constantly taking place in the subject area of ​​the organization's activities. The functionality of information systems strongly depends on the organizational and managerial structure of the organization, its functionality, the distribution of functions, the financial technologies and schemes adopted in the organization, the existing document management technology, and many other factors.

The development and implementation of functional subsystems can be done gradually. For example, first, in the most important and critical areas, carry out developments that provide the application functionality of the system (implement financial accounting systems, personnel management, etc.), and then distribute applied software systems and pas other, initially less significant areas of enterprise management.

Information Systems

Information system (IS)- a system that implements the information model of the subject area, most often - any area of ​​human activity. IS should provide: receipt (input or collection), storage, search, transmission and processing (transformation) of information.

information system(or information-computing system) is a set of interconnected hardware and software tools for automating the accumulation and processing of information. The information system receives data from the source of information. This data is sent to storage or undergoes some processing in the system and then transferred to the consumer.

Feedback can be established between the consumer and the information system itself. In this case, the information system is called closed. Channel feedback necessary when it is necessary to take into account the reaction of the consumer to the information received.

The information system consists of databases in which information is accumulated source of information, IC hardware, software part of IS, information consumer.

Composition of information systems

• local networks

Classification of information systems according to the degree of automation

Usually, the term IS in our time refers to automated information systems.

Classification of information systems by the nature of the use of information

• Information retrieval systems - a system for the accumulation, processing, search and issuance of information of interest to the user.
• Information-analytical systems - a class of information systems designed for analytical data processing using knowledge bases and expert systems.
• Information-solving systems - systems that accumulate, process and process information using application software.
  • control information systems using databases and application software packages.
  • advising expert information systems using applied knowledge bases,
• Situational centers (information and analytical complexes)

Classification of information systems by architecture

• Local ICs (running on a single electronic device that does not interact with a server or other devices)
• Client-server ICs (operating in a local or global network with a single server)
• Distributed IS (decentralized systems in a heterogeneous multi-server network)

Classification of information systems by scope

• Information systems of organizational management - ensuring the automation of the functions of managerial personnel.
• Information systems for managing technical processes - providing control of mechanisms, technological modes in automated production.
• Automated systems of scientific research - software and hardware systems designed for scientific research and testing.
• Computer-aided design information systems are software and hardware systems designed to perform design work using mathematical methods.
• Automated educational systems - complexes of software and hardware, educational and methodical literature and electronic textbooks that provide educational activities.
• Integrated information systems - providing automation of most enterprise functions.
• Economic information system - providing automation of collection, storage, processing and issuance necessary information designed to perform control functions.

Classification of information systems on the basis of structured tasks

• Model information systems allow you to establish a dialogue with the model in the process of its study (providing the information that is missing for making a decision), and also provides a wide range of mathematical, statistical, financial and other models, the use of which facilitates the development of a strategy and an objective assessment of decision alternatives. The user can obtain the information he lacks for making a decision by.
• The use of expert information systems is associated with the processing of knowledge for the development and evaluation of possible alternatives for making a decision by the user. Implemented at two levels:

First level(concept " standard set alternatives") - reduction of problem situations to some homogeneous classes of solutions. Expert support at this level is realized by creating an information fund for storage and analysis of standard alternatives. Second level- generation of an alternative based on the transformation rules and procedures for evaluating the synthesized alternatives, using the database of data available in the information fund.

Expert systems represent a set of facts, information and data with a system of rules for the logical inference of information based on logical model databases and knowledge bases. Databases contain a set of specific data, and knowledge bases contain a set of specific and generalized information within the framework of the logical model of the knowledge base.

Notes

see also

Sources of information

• Izhevsk State Technical University

Links

• Organization of management in developing companies and new tasks of information systems

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Information systems" is in other dictionaries:

Systems for storing, processing, converting, transmitting, updating information using computer and other technology. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA M. 479 with ... Economic dictionary

Systems for storing, processing, converting, transmitting, updating information using computer technology ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

INFORMATION SYSTEMS- data processing systems of any subject area with means of accumulating, storing, processing, converting, transmitting, updating information using computer and other technology ... Professional education. Vocabulary

Information Systems- systems for storing, processing, converting, transmitting, updating information using computer and other equipment ... Dictionary of economic terms

INFORMATION SYSTEMS- infoRMATION SYSTEMS Systems that support the process, through which the collection and processing of relevant information and its timely transfer are organized, which gives the management (management structures) the ability to clearly perform their functions ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

This article should be wikified. Please format it according to the rules for formatting articles ... Wikipedia

Fire safety information systems- Automated and information systems and means of ensuring fire safety settlements and facilities complexes and means of automation and informatization that implement the functions of ensuring fire safety and ... ... Official terminology

The concept and components of the information system (IS). IP life cycle models. Classes of problems solved by IS

An information system (in the context of management) is a communication system for collecting, transferring, processing information to implement the management function

An information system (IS) usually includes the following components:

• 1. functional components;
• 2. components of the data and knowledge processing system;
• 3. organizational components.

Functional components are understood as a system of management functions - a complete set of management activities interrelated in time and space that are necessary to achieve management goals.

Data and knowledge processing systems are designed for information maintenance of the management system. The components of this system are: information support, software, technical support, legal support, linguistic support.

The allocation of the organizational component is due to the special significance of the human factor. The organizational components of IS are understood as a set of methods and means that allow improving the organizational structure of the management system and management functions.

The life cycle of IS is defined as a period of time that begins from the moment a decision is made on the need to create an IS and ends at the time of its withdrawal from operation.

Under life cycle model is understood as a structure that determines the sequence of execution and the relationship of processes, actions and tasks performed throughout the life cycle. The life cycle model depends on the specifics of the IS and the specifics of the conditions in which the latter is created and operates.

To date, the following main life cycle models have become most widespread: the task model, the cascade model, and the spiral model.

When developing a bottom-up system from individual tasks to the whole system (task model), a single approach to development is inevitably lost, problems arise in the informational docking of individual components. As a rule, as the number of tasks increases, the difficulties increase, it is necessary to constantly change existing programs and data structures. The rate of development of the system slows down, which slows down the development of the organization itself. However, in some cases, this technology may be appropriate:

• - Extreme urgency (it is necessary that at least somehow the tasks are solved; then you have to do everything again);
• - Experiment and adaptation of the customer (algorithms are not clear, solutions are groped by trial and error).

The general conclusion is that it is impossible to create a sufficiently large effective IC in this way.

Consider the cascade and spiral models:

It is customary to single out the following stages of the IP life cycle: analysis, design, implementation, implementation, maintenance.