Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Information system and its types……………………………………………...3

2. Composition of automated information systems……………………………9

3. Technological process of information processing…………………………….16

4. The role of information technology in the design, operation and modification of information systems………………………………………………………20

5. CASE technologies…………………………………………………………………...22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...28

List of references………………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The 21st century, which marks the beginning of the third millennium, has challenged humanity in the form of pervasive international communications, the World Wide Web, the Internet, and the emergence of a virtual economy. And who today can say with complete confidence that, leaving the 21st century. will not bring humanity a more serious threat in the form of the emergence of “machine (i.e., electronic) intelligence” and “human-machine” economy? XXI century provides us with an opportunity to look at the development of the economy since its inception, and also to take an intelligent look at the future of the economy and humanity.

Using communication means, you can, without leaving your home, manage production lines or the financial and commercial activities of an enterprise, maintain accounting records, study remotely at an educational institution, read books in the library, buy goods, make banking, stock exchange and other financial transactions. , etc. Appearance at the end of the 20th century. Information technology has led to the emergence of the most profitable business - the interactive business.

It can be said with complete confidence that in the middle of the 21st century. The leaders of the world economy and international trade will be those countries that will have high technology and knowledge-intensive industries. This means that the export of Russian oil, minerals, trade in weapons and heavy engineering products by Russian firms will occupy one of the lowest places in international trade and will no longer provide the income that Russia had at the end of the 20th century.

In a market economy, the approach to management is radically changing, from functional to business-oriented, and the role of information technology is radically changing. A focus on business process-based management provides a competitive advantage for an organization in highly competitive environments, and business process-based management cannot be effectively implemented without the use of information technologies and systems.

1. Information system and its types.

Information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of processing information. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

In the legal and regulatory sense, an information system is defined as “an organizationally ordered set of documents (an array of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes” [RF Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated February 20, 1995, No. 24-FZ].

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be conventionally represented as consisting of the following blocks:
entering information from external or internal sources;
processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

In general, information systems are defined by the following properties:
1) any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;
2) the information system is dynamic and developing;
3) when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

4) the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

5) the information system should be perceived as a human-machine information processing system.

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods; freeing workers from routine work due to its automation; ensuring the reliability of information; improving the structure of information flows (including the document flow system); providing consumers with unique services; reducing costs for the production of products and services (including information).

The type of information system depends on whose interests it serves and at what level of management. Based on the nature of the presentation and logical organization of stored information, information systems are divided into factual, documentary and geoinformation systems.

Factual Information Systems accumulate and store data in the form of multiple instances of one or several types of structural elements (information objects). Each of these instances or some combination of them reflects information on a fact or event separately from all other information and facts.

In documentary (documented) information systems A single element of information is a document that is not divided into smaller elements, and information during input (input document), as a rule, is not structured, or is structured in a limited form. For the entered document, some formalized positions can be set (date of production, artist, subject).

In geographic information systems the data is organized in the form of separate information objects (with a certain set of details) linked to a common electronic topographical basis (electronic map). Geographic information systems are used for information support in those subject areas in which the structure of information objects and processes has a spatial-geographical component (transport routes, utilities).

In Fig. 1.1 presents the classification of information systems according to the characteristics of their functional subsystems.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems according to functional criteria.

In the economic practice of industrial and commercial facilities, the typical types of activities that determine the functional attribute of the classification of information systems are production, marketing, financial, and personnel activities.

Classification of information systems by management levels
Highlight:
operational (operational) level information systems – accounting, bank deposits, order processing, ticket registration, salary payments; information system for specialists – office automation, knowledge processing (including expert systems);
tactical level information systems (middle management) – monitoring, administration, control, decision making;
strategic information systems – formulation of goals, strategic planning.

Operational (operational) level information systems
The operational level information system supports executive specialists by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The purpose of the information system at this level is to respond to queries about the current status and monitor the flow of transactions in the company, which corresponds to operational management. To cope with this, the information system must be easily accessible, continuously available and provide accurate information. The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Information systems of specialists. Information systems at this level help specialists working with data, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.
Office automation information systems Due to their simplicity and versatility, they are actively used by employees of any organizational level. They are most often used by semi-skilled workers: accountants, secretaries, and clerks. The main goal is data processing, increasing the efficiency of their work and simplifying clerical work.

These systems perform the following functions: word processing on computers using various word processors; production of high-quality printed products; archiving of documents;
electronic calendars and notebooks for maintaining business information; email and audiomail; video and teleconferences.

Information systems for knowledge processing, including expert systems, absorb the knowledge necessary for engineers, lawyers, scientists when developing or creating a new product. Their job is to create new information and new knowledge.

Tactical level information systems (middle level)
The main functions of these information systems are: comparison of current indicators with past indicators; drawing up periodic reports for a certain time (rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level); providing access to archival information, etc.

Decision support systems serve semi-structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance (they have a more powerful analytical apparatus with several models). Information is obtained from management and operational information systems. Characteristics of decision support systems:
provide solutions to problems whose development is difficult to predict;
equipped with sophisticated modeling and analysis tools;
allow you to easily change the formulation of the problems being solved and the input data;
are flexible and easily adapt to changing conditions several times a day; have technology that is as user-oriented as possible.

Strategic information systems. Strategic Information System- a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of long-term strategic development goals of the organization. There are situations when the new quality of information systems forced to change not only the structure, but also the profile of companies, promoting their prosperity. However, in this case, an undesirable psychological situation may arise associated with the automation of certain functions and types of work, since this may put some of the workers in a difficult situation.

Other classifications of information systems.

Classification by degree of automation. Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated.

Manual information systems are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual information system.

Automatic information systems perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated information systems involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system. Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification by the nature of information use
Information retrieval systems They enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations (information retrieval system in the library, railway and air ticket offices).

Information decision systems carry out all information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Among them, a classification can be made according to the degree of influence of the generated resultant information on the decision-making process and two classes can be distinguished - governing and advising systems.

Management information systems produce information on the basis of which a person makes a decision. These systems are characterized by the type of tasks of a computational nature and the processing of large volumes of data. An example would be a system for operational production planning and an accounting system.

Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and does not immediately turn into a series of specific actions. These systems have a higher degree of intelligence, since they are characterized by processing knowledge rather than data.

Classification by scope of application. Information Systems organizational management designed to automate the functions of management personnel. Information Systems process management serve to automate the functions of production personnel. Information Systems computer-aided design designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology.
Integrated (corporate) information systems are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales.

Classification by method of organization. According to the method of organization, group and corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

Systems based on file-server architecture;

Systems based on client-server architecture;

Systems based on multi-level architecture;

Systems based on Internet/Intranet technologies.

2. Composition of automated information systems.

As a rule, the AIS includes:

· information resources presented in the form of databases (knowledge bases) storing data about objects, the connection between which is specified by certain rules;

· a formal logical-mathematical system, implemented in the form of software modules that provide input, processing, search and output of the necessary information;

· an interface that allows the user to communicate with the system in a form convenient for him and allows him to work with database information;

· personnel determining the functioning of the system, planning the procedure for setting tasks and achieving goals;

· complex of technical means.

The composition of AIS is shown in Fig. 1.5.

Information resources include machine and non-machine information. Machine information is presented in the form of databases, knowledge bases, data banks. Databases (banks) of data can be centralized or distributed.

Rice. 1.5. Composition of AIS

The complex of technical means (CTS) includes a set of computer equipment (computers of different levels, operator workstations, communication channels, spare elements and instruments) and a special complex (means for obtaining information about the state of the control object, local control means, actuators, sensors and devices control and adjustment of technical means).

Software (software) consists of general software (operating systems, local and global networks and complexes of maintenance programs, special computing programs) and special software (organizing programs and programs that implement monitoring and control algorithms).

Personnel and instructional and methodological materials constitute the organizational support of the system.

Procedures and technologies are developed on the basis of logical-mathematical models and algorithms that form the basis of the mathematical software of the system, and are implemented using software and hardware, as well as an interface that provides user access to information.

For example, an expert system (ES) includes:

· an interface that allows you to transfer information to the database and contact the system with a question or explanation;

· working memory (DB), which stores data about objects;

· dispatcher who determines the order of operation of the ES;

· inference machine - a formal logical system implemented in the form of a software module;

· Knowledge base (KB) - a collection of all available information about a subject area, recorded using formal knowledge representation structures (a set of rules, frames, semantic networks).

The most important component of the ES is the explanation block. It allows the user to ask questions and get reasonable answers.

AIS structure. Functional and supporting subsystems

Structure - a certain internal structure of the system.
Based on the definition that an information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for collecting, storing, processing and issuing information in order to solve assigned problems, its structure should be considered as a set of subsystems organized in a certain way that ensure the implementation of these processes.

AIS consists, as a rule, of functional and supporting parts, each of which has its own structure.

Function is a manifestation of the interaction of the system with the external environment. Manifestation of function in time called functioning.

The functional part is a set of subsystems that depend on the characteristics of the automated control system. These subsystems are divided according to a certain characteristic (functional or structural) and combine the corresponding sets of management tasks.

The supporting part is a set of information, mathematical, software, technical, legal, organizational, methodological, ergonomic, metrological support.

The structure of the AIS is shown in Fig. 1.6.

Supporting part.

AIS information support is a set of databases and operating system files, format and lexical databases, as well as language tools intended for entering, processing, searching and presenting information in the form required by the consumer

AIS functions are divided into information, control, protective and auxiliary.

Information functions implement the collection, processing and presentation of information about the state of the automated object to operational personnel or the transfer of this information for subsequent processing. These can be the following functions: measurement of parameters, control, calculation of parameters, generation and delivery of data to operational personnel or related systems, assessment and forecast of the state of the plant and its elements.

Control functions develop and implement control actions on the control object. These include: parameter regulation, logical influence, program logical control, mode control, adaptive control.

Protective functions can be technological and emergency.

When implementing functions automatically, the following modes are distinguished:

· interactive (staff has the opportunity to influence the development of recommendations for managing the facility using software and CTS);

· advisor (staff decides to use recommendations issued by the system);

· manual (personnel makes management decisions based on control and measurement information).

The above diagram of the AIS structure is implemented mainly in information and reference, information and retrieval systems. The structure of more complex systems is essentially an AIMS, i.e., AIS control, automated control systems of various levels and purposes.

For example, AIS “Tax” is a system of organizational management of the State Tax Service bodies. This is a multi-level system that:

· first (highest) level (President of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation, State Tax Service of the Russian Federation) - methodological guidance and control over taxation for various types of taxes at the country level;

· second level (Tax Services of Territories and Regions, Tax Services of the Republics, Tax Services of Moscow and St. Petersburg) - methodological guidance and control over taxation for various types of taxes at the territorial level;

· third level (Tax inspectorates of districts, Tax inspectorates of cities, Tax inspectorates of urban areas) - direct interaction with taxpayers.

In the tax system, the management process is informational. AIS of the tax service consists of supporting and functional parts.

The supporting part includes information, software, technical and other types of support characteristic of organizational-type AIS.

The functional part reflects the subject area and is a set of subsystems that depend on the features of the automated control system. Each level of AIS has its own set of functional support.

So, at the second level, the structure of the system looks like this (Fig. 1.7).

Rice. 1.7. Structure of the AIS “Tax” (second level)

The subsystem of methodological, auditing and legal activities ensures work with legislative acts, regulations, decrees and other government documents, as well as with regulatory and methodological documents of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation. The subsystem collects, processes and analyzes information received from territorial tax inspectorates.

The control activity subsystem ensures documentary inspection of enterprises and maintenance of the State Register of enterprises and individuals. The Register of Enterprises contains official registration information about enterprises (legal entities), and the Register of Individuals contains information about taxpayers required to submit income tax returns and pay certain types of taxes from individuals.

The subsystem of analytical activities of the State Tax Inspectorates (STI) provides for analysis of the dynamics of tax payments, forecasting the amount of collection of certain types of taxes, economic and statistical analysis of the economic activities of enterprises in the region, identification of enterprises subject to documentary verification, analysis of tax legislation and development of recommendations for its improvement, analysis of activities territorial tax inspectorates.

The subsystem of intradepartmental tasks solves problems that ensure the activities of the State Tax Inspectorate and includes office work, accounting, logistics, and work with personnel.

The subsystem for preparing standard reporting forms generates summary tables of statistical indicators that characterize typical activities of the State Tax Inspectorate at the regional level in collecting various types of tax payments, and controls this process.

The structure of the system at the third level includes the following functional subsystems:

· registration of enterprises;

· desk check;

· maintaining personal cards of enterprises;

· analysis of the state of the enterprise;

· documentary check;

· maintaining regulatory documentation;

· intradepartmental tasks;

· processing of documents of individuals.

It does not seem appropriate to describe these subsystems in detail here.

Note that functional subsystems consist of sets of tasks that are characterized by a certain economic content and the achievement of a specific goal. In a set of tasks, various primary documents are used and output documents are compiled on the basis of interconnected calculation algorithms, which are based on methodological materials, regulatory documents, instructions, etc.

Considering AIS as an information automated enterprise management system (ACMS), we can, for example, imagine its structure as shown in Fig. 1.8.

Rice. 1.8. Automatic control system structure

There may be other functional subsystems.

An automated control system, like any control system, can be conveniently considered as a certain set of processes and objects (interrelated elements). Each of the subsystems is separate and can be considered as a part (subsystem) of a higher-level system.

The automated control system is built according to the hierarchical principle (multi-level subordination) of interconnection, both in terms of structural location and distribution of management functions. The system can be represented as a composition of subsystems at various levels. To obtain the elementary components of the system, its decomposition is performed, forming a metasystem tree on which subsystems of various levels are distinguished.

Decomposition is carried out according to functions or composition of elements (data, information, documents, technical means, organizational units, etc.).

3.Technological process of information processing.

The technology for automated processing of economic information is based on the following principles:

Integration of data processing and the ability of users to work in the operating conditions of automated systems for centralized storage and collective use of data (data banks);

Distributed data processing based on developed transmission systems;

A rational combination of centralized and decentralized management and organization of computer systems;

Modeling and formalized description of data, procedures for their transformation, functions and jobs of performers;

Taking into account the specific features of the object in which machine processing of economic information is implemented.

The entire technological process can be divided into processes for collecting and entering initial data into a computer system, processes for placing data and storing it in the system’s memory, processes for processing data in order to obtain results, and processes for issuing data in a form convenient for user perception.

The technological process can be divided into 4 major stages:

1. - initial or primary (collection of initial data, their registration and transfer to the computer);

2. - preparatory (reception, control, registration of input information and transferring it to computer media);

3. - basic (direct information processing);

4. - final (control, release and transmission of resultant information, its reproduction and storage).

Depending on the technical means used and the requirements for information processing technology, the composition of the technological process operations also changes. For example: information on a computer can arrive at MN prepared for input into a computer or be transmitted via communication channels from the place of its origin.

Data collection and recording operations are carried out using various means.

There are:

─mechanized;

List of used literature

1. CIT course “Internet technologies in projects with plastic cards.” V. Zavaleev, “Center”, 1998.

2. “Information Technologies: Theory and practice of advertising in Russia.” I. Krylov, “Center”, 1996.

3. "Network Magazine", No. 10, 1999.

4. “PC WEEK”, No. 6, 1998.

5. Information from the Website “Electronic payment systems”, http://www.emoney.ru

6. Information from the Website “Bank of Abstracts”, http://www.bankreferatov.ru

7. Automated information technologies in economics: Textbook. for universities/Ed. G.A. Titorenko, 2006.

8. Aliev V.S., Information technologies and financial management systems, 2007.

9. Fedorova G.V., Information technologies of accounting, analysis and audit, 2006.

10. G.N. Isaev, Information systems in economics, 2008.

11. Automated information technologies in economics: Textbook. for universities / M.I. Semenov, I.T. Trubilin, V.I. Loiko, T.P. Baranovskaya;Under the general name. Ed. I.T. Trubilina. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003.-416 p.

12. Kozyrev A.A. Information technologies in economics and management: Textbook, 2001.

13. Romanets Yu.V. Protection of information in computer systems and networks. / Ed. V.F. Shangina. M.: Radio and communication, 2001.-376 p.

Information system concept

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals.

In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific application problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations.

Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

Information system- an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.

The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.

Attention! By organization we mean a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial means to produce material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal basis: “organization” and “company”.

It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

Stages of information systems development

The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table below

Period of time	Information Use Concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
1950 - 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 - 1970	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
1970 - 1980	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems Systems for senior management	Sampling the most rational solution
1980 - 2000	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic Information Systems Automated offices	Survival and prosperity of the company

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

Processes in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram consisting of blocks:

• entering information from external or internal sources;

• processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

• outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

• Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

An information system is defined by the following properties:

• any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;

• the information system is dynamic and developing;

• when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

• the output of the information system is information on the basis of which decisions are made;

• an information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

Currently, there is an opinion about an information system as a system implemented using computer technology. Although in the general case, an information system can also be understood in a non-computer version.

To understand the operation of an information system, it is necessary to understand the essence of the problems that it solves, as well as the organizational processes in which it is included. For example, when determining the capability of a computer information system to support decision making, consideration should be given to

• the structure of the management tasks being solved;

• the level of the company's management hierarchy at which the decision must be made;

• whether the problem being solved belongs to one or another functional area of ​​the business;

• type of information technology used.

The technology of working in a computer information system is understandable to a specialist in the non-computer field and can be successfully used to control and manage professional processes.

What can you expect from the implementation of information systems

the introduction of information systems can contribute to:

• obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.;

• freeing workers from routine work due to its automation;

• ensuring the reliability of information;

• replacing paper data carriers with magnetic disks or tapes, which leads to a more rational organization of information processing on a computer and a reduction in the volume of documents on paper;

• improving the structure of information flows and the document flow system in the company;

• reducing costs for the production of products and services;

• providing consumers with unique services;

• finding new market niches;

• tying buyers and suppliers to the company by providing them with various discounts and services.

The role of the management structure in the information system

General provisions

The creation and use of an information system for any organization is aimed at solving the following problems.

1. The structure of the information system and its functional purpose must correspond to the goals facing the organization. For example, in a commercial company - effective business; in a state enterprise - solving social and economic problems.

2. The information system must be controlled by people, understood and used in accordance with basic social and ethical principles.

3. Production of reliable, reliable, timely and systematized information.

Building an information system can be compared to building a house. Bricks, nails, cement and other materials placed together do not make a house. A project, land management, construction, etc. are needed for a house to appear.

Similarly, to create and use an information system, you must first understand the structure, functions and policies of the organization, the goals of management and decisions made, and the capabilities of computer technology. The information system is part of the organization, and the key elements of any organization are the structure and management bodies, standard procedures, personnel, subculture.

Construction of an information system should begin with an analysis of the organization's management structure.

Organization management structure

Coordination of the work of all divisions of the organization is carried out through management bodies at different levels. Under management understand the achievement of the set goal, subject to the implementation of the following functions: organizational, planning, accounting, analysis, control, stimulation.

Let's consider the content managerial functions:

Organizational function consists in developing an organizational structure and a set of regulatory documents: staffing schedule for a company, department, laboratory, group, etc. indicating subordination, responsibility, sphere of competence, rights, responsibilities, etc. Most often, this is set out in department, laboratory, or job descriptions.

Planning (planning function) consists of developing and implementing plans to accomplish assigned tasks. For example, a business plan for the entire company, a production plan, a marketing research plan, a financial plan, a research and development plan, etc. for various periods (year, quarter, month, day).

Accounting function consists in developing or using ready-made forms and methods for recording company performance indicators: accounting, financial accounting, management accounting, etc. In general, accounting can be defined as the receipt, registration, accumulation, processing and provision of information about real business processes.

Analysis or analytical function is associated with studying the results of the implementation of plans and orders, identifying influencing factors, identifying reserves, studying development trends, etc. The analysis is performed by different specialists depending on the complexity and level of the analyzed object or process. Analysis of the results of a company’s economic activities for a year or more is carried out by specialists, and at the workshop or department level by a manager at this level (chief or his deputy) together with a specialist economist.

Control function most often carried out by the manager: control over the implementation of plans, the expenditure of material resources, the use of financial resources, etc.

Stimulation or the motivational function involves the development and application of various methods of stimulating the work of subordinate employees:

• financial incentives - salary, bonus, shares, promotion, etc.;

• psychological incentives - gratitude, certificates, titles, degrees, honor boards, etc.

In recent years, the concept of “decision making” and the systems, methods, and decision support tools associated with this concept have become increasingly used in the field of management.

Decision-making- an act of purposeful influence on a control object, based on an analysis of the situation, determination of a goal, and development of a program to achieve this goal.

The management structure of any organization is traditionally divided into three levels: operational, functional and strategic.

Levels of Management(type of management activity) are determined by the complexity of the tasks being solved. The more complex the problem, the higher the level of management required to solve it. At the same time, it should be understood that a much larger number of simpler problems that require immediate (prompt) solutions arise, which means that they require a different level of management - a lower one, where decisions are made promptly. When managing, it is also necessary to take into account the dynamics of the implementation of decisions made, which allows us to consider management from the angle of the time factor.

The figure below shows three levels of management, which are correlated with such factors as the degree of increase in power, responsibility, complexity of the tasks being solved, as well as the dynamics of decision-making for the implementation of tasks.

Operational (lower) level management ensures the solution of repetitive tasks and operations and a quick response to changes in current input information. At this level, both the volume of operations performed and the dynamics of management decision-making are quite large. This level of management is often called operational due to the need to quickly respond to changing situations. At the level of operational (operational) management, a large volume is occupied by accounting tasks.

Functional (tactical) level management provides the solution to problems requiring preliminary analysis of information prepared at the first level. At this level, such a management function as analysis becomes of great importance. The volume of tasks to be solved decreases, but their complexity increases. At the same time, it is not always possible to develop the necessary solution quickly; additional time is required for analysis, comprehension, collection of missing information, etc. Management is associated with some delay from the moment of receiving information to making decisions and their implementation, as well as from the moment of implementing decisions to receiving a reaction to them.

Strategic level ensures the development of management decisions aimed at achieving the long-term strategic goals of the organization. Since the results of decisions made appear after a long time, such a management function as strategic planning is of particular importance at this level. Other management functions at this level are currently not fully developed. The strategic level of management is often called strategic or long-term planning. The legitimacy of a decision made at this level can be confirmed after a sufficiently long time. Months or years may pass. The responsibility for making management decisions is extremely high and is determined not only by the results of analysis using mathematical and special apparatus, but also by the professional intuition of managers.

Examples of information systems

Information system for finding market niches. When purchasing goods from some companies, the information system registers data about the buyer, which allows:

identify buyer groups, their composition and needs, and then focus your strategy on the largest group;

send potential buyers various offers, advertising, reminders;

provide regular customers with goods and services on credit, at a discount, with deferred payments.

Information Systems, accelerating the flow of goods. Suppose a company specializes in supplying products to a specific institution, such as a hospital. As you know, it is very unprofitable to have large stocks of products in a company’s warehouses, and it is impossible not to have them. In order to find the optimal solution to this problem, the company installs terminals in the serviced institution and connects them to the information system. The customer directly from the terminal enters his wishes according to the catalog provided to him. This data enters the order accounting information system.

Managers, making selections based on incoming orders, make operational management decisions to deliver the desired product to the customer in a short period of time. In this way, huge amounts of money are saved on storing goods, the flow of goods is accelerated and simplified, and customer needs are monitored.

Information systems to reduce production costs. These information systems, tracking all phases of the production process, contribute to improved management and control, more rational planning and use of personnel and, as a result, reduction in the cost of manufactured products and services.

Information systems automation technology(“concessions management”). The essence of this technology is that if the company’s income remains within the profitability range, the consumer is given different discounts depending on the number and duration of contracts. In this case, the consumer becomes interested in interacting with the company, and the company thereby attracts an additional number of customers. If the client does not want to interact with this company and switches to service from another, then his costs may increase due to the loss of previously provided discounts.

Structure and classification of information systems

Information system structure

Types of supporting subsystems

Structure An information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Subsystem- this is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application. In this case they say about the structural feature of classification, and the subsystems are called supporting. Thus, the structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems

Among the supporting subsystems, information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished.

Information Support

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the modern generation and delivery of reliable information for making management decisions.

Information Support- a set of unified system of classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, schemes of information flows circulating in the organization, as well as a methodology for constructing databases.

Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure comparability of indicators in various spheres of social production. Standards have been developed that establish the following requirements:

• to unified documentation systems;

• to unified forms of documents at various levels of management;

• to the composition and structure of details and indicators;

• to the procedure for implementation, maintenance and registration of unified forms of documents.

However, despite the existence of a unified documentation system, when examining most organizations, a whole range of typical deficiencies are constantly revealed:

• extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;
• the same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;
• working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;
• there are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Therefore, eliminating these shortcomings is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

Information flow diagrams reflect the routes of information movement and its volumes, the places of origin of primary information and the use of resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

Construction of information flow diagrams that allow identifying volumes of information and conducting its detailed analysis ensures:

• exclusion of duplicate and unused information;

• classification and rational presentation of information.

The methodology for constructing databases is based on the theoretical foundations of their design. To understand the concept of the methodology, we present its main ideas in the form of two successively implemented stages in practice:

Stage 1 - examination of all functional departments of the company with the aim of:

• understand the specifics and structure of its activities;

• build a diagram of information flows;

• analyze the existing document flow system;

• determine information objects and the corresponding composition of details (parameters, characteristics) describing their properties and purpose.

Stage 2 - construction of a conceptual information and logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at stage 1. In this model, all connections between objects and their details must be established and optimized. The information logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

• a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

• identifying the movement of information from the moment of its occurrence to its use at various levels of management, presented for analysis in the form of information flow diagrams;

• improvement of the document flow system;

• availability and use of a classification and coding system;

• knowledge of the methodology for creating conceptual information and logical models that reflect the interconnection of information;

• creation of information arrays on computer media, which requires modern technical support.

Technical support

Technical support- a set of technical means intended for the operation of the information system, as well as relevant documentation for these means and technological processes

The complex of technical means consists of:

• computers of any models;

• devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

• data transmission devices and communication lines;

• office equipment and automatic information retrieval devices;

• operating materials, etc.

The documentation covers the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, and technological equipment. Documentation can be divided into three groups:

• system-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

• specialized, containing a set of techniques for all stages of hardware development;

• normative and reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

To date, two main forms of organizing technical support (forms of using technical means) have emerged: centralized and partially or completely decentralized.

Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computer centers in the information system.

Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on personal computers directly at workplaces.

A promising approach should be considered, apparently, a partially decentralized approach - the organization of technical support based on distributed networks consisting of personal computers and a mainframe computer for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.

Math and software- a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for implementing the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as the normal functioning of a complex of technical means.

To the means software relate:

• management process modeling tools;

• typical management tasks;

• methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Part software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.

TO system-wide software These include software packages that are user-oriented and designed to solve typical information processing problems. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process.

Special software is a set of programs developed during the creation of a specific information system. It includes application software packages (APP) that implement the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.

Technical documentation for the development of software must contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the problem, and test examples.

Organizational support

Organizational support- this is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and with each other in the process of development and operation of IS.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

• analysis of the existing management system of the organization where the IS will be used, and identification of tasks to be automated;

• preparing problems for solution on a computer, including technical specifications for the design of an IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;

• development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the management system.

Organizational support is created based on the results of a pre-project survey at the 1st stage of database construction.

Legal support

Legal support- a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and functioning of information systems that regulate the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.

Legal support includes laws, decrees, resolutions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other regulatory documents of ministries, departments, organizations, and local authorities. Legal support can be divided into a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.

Legal support for the stages of development of an information system includes regulations related to contractual relations between the developer and the customer and the legal regulation of deviations from the contract.

Legal support for the stages of operation of the information system includes:

• information system status;

• rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;

• procedure for creating and using information, etc.

Classification of information systems based on the structure of tasks

The concept of task structuring

When creating or classifying information systems, problems inevitably arise related to the formal - mathematical and algorithmic description of the problems being solved. The degree of formalization largely determines the efficiency of the entire system, as well as the level of automation, determined by the degree of human participation in decision-making based on the information received.

The more accurate the mathematical description of a problem, the higher the capabilities of computer data processing and the less the degree of human participation in the process of solving it. This determines the degree of automation of the task.

There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created: structured (formalized), unstructured (not formalized) and partially structured.

Structured (formalizable) task- a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.

Unstructured (not formalized) task- a task in which it is impossible to identify elements and establish connections between them.

In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are routine in nature. The purpose of using an information system to solve structured problems is to completely automate their solution, i.e. reducing the human role to zero.

Types of information systems used to solve semi-structured problems

Information systems used to solve semi-structured problems are divided into two types: those that create management reports and those that are primarily focused on data processing (search, sorting, aggregation, filtering). Using the information contained in these reports, the manager makes a decision;

Information Systems, creating management reports, provide information support to the user, i.e. provide access to information in the database and its partial processing. Data manipulation procedures in the information system must provide the following capabilities:

• compiling combinations of data obtained from various sources;

• quick addition or exclusion of one or another data source and automatic switching of sources when searching for data;

• data management using the capabilities of database management systems;

• logical independence of data of this type from other databases included in the information support subsystem;

• automatic tracking of information flow to fill databases.

Information Systems, developing alternative solutions, can be model and expert.

Model information systems provide the user with mathematical, static, financial and other models, the use of which facilitates the development and evaluation of solution alternatives. The user can obtain the information he needs to make a decision by establishing a dialogue with the model during its research.

The main functions of the model information system are:

• the ability to work in the environment of standard mathematical models, including solving basic modeling problems such as “how to do so?”, “what will happen if?”, sensitivity analysis, etc.;

• fairly fast and adequate interpretation of simulation results;

• prompt preparation and adjustment of input parameters and model limitations;

• the ability to graphically display the dynamics of the model;

• the ability to explain to the user the necessary steps in the formation and operation of the model.

Expert information systems ensure the development and evaluation of possible alternatives by the user through the creation of expert systems associated with knowledge processing. Expert support for user decisions is provided at two levels.

The work of the first level of expert support is based on the concept of “standard management decisions”, according to which problematic situations that often arise in the management process can be reduced to some homogeneous classes of management decisions, i.e. to some standard set of alternatives. To provide expert support at this level, an information fund is created for storing and analyzing standard alternatives.

If the problem situation that has arisen is not associated with the existing classes of standard alternatives, the second level of expert support for management decisions should come into play. This level generates alternatives based on the data available in the information fund, transformation rules and procedures for evaluating synthesized alternatives.

Other classifications of information systems

Classification by degree of automation

Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company’s management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated

Manual ICs are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual IS.

Automatic ICs perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated ICs involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system.

Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification by the nature of information use

Information retrieval systems They enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. For example, an information retrieval system in a library, in railway and air ticket offices.

Information decision systems carry out all information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Among them, one can classify them according to the degree of influence of the generated resultant information on the decision-making process and distinguish two classes: managers and advisers.

IS managers produce information on the basis of which a person makes a decision. These systems are characterized by the type of tasks of a computational nature and the processing of large volumes of data. An example would be a system for operational production planning and an accounting system.

Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and does not immediately turn into a series of specific actions. These systems have a higher degree of intelligence, since they are characterized by processing knowledge rather than data.

Classification by area of ​​application

Information Systems organizational management designed to automate the functions of management personnel. Considering the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, often any information systems are understood precisely in this interpretation. This class includes information systems for managing both industrial companies and non-industrial facilities: hotels, banks, trading firms, etc. The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, management sales and supply and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control system (TP) serve to automate the functions of production personnel. They are widely used in organizations to support the technological process in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) IC designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales. Creating such systems is very difficult, since it requires a systematic approach from the standpoint of the main goal, for example, making a profit, conquering the sales market, etc. This approach can lead to significant changes in the very structure of the company, which not every manager can decide to do.

Documentary information systems

Unlike factual information systems, a single data element in documentary [information systems] is a document unstructured into smaller elements. In the vast majority of cases, unstructured documents are primarily text documents presented in the form of text files, although the class of unstructured documented data may also include sound and graphic files.

The main task of documentary information systems is the accumulation and provision of documents to the user, the content, subject matter, details, etc. of which are adequate to his information needs. Therefore we can give the following definition of a documentary information system- a unified document repository with tools for searching and selecting the necessary documents. The search nature of documentary information systems has historically determined another name for them - information retrieval systems (IRS), although this term does not fully reflect the specifics of documentary information systems.

The correspondence of the found documents to the information needs of the user is called pertinence.

Due to theoretical and practical difficulties with formalizing the semantic content of documents, pertinence refers rather to qualitative concepts, although, as will be discussed below, it can be expressed by certain quantitative indicators.

Depending on the implementation features of the document repository and search mechanisms, documentary information retrieval systems can be divided into two groups:

• indexing based systems;
• semantic navigation systems.

IN semantic navigation systems documents, placed in the repository (database) of documents, are equipped with special navigation structures that correspond to semantic connections (references) between different documents or individual fragments of one document. Such constructions implement some semantic* (semantic) network in the document database. The method and mechanism for expressing information needs in such systems is the user’s explicit navigation through semantic references between documents. Currently, this approach is implemented in hypertext information retrieval systems.

IN indexing based systems the source documents are placed in the database without any additional transformation, but at the same time the semantic content of each document is displayed in a certain search space. The process of mapping a document into the search space is called indexing and consists of assigning each document a certain index coordinate in the search space. A formalized representation (description) of a document index is called a document search image (DOI). The user expresses his information needs using the means and language of the search space, forming a search query image (SQI) to the document database. The system, based on certain criteria and methods, searches for documents whose search images correspond or are close to the search images of the user's request, and produces the corresponding documents. The correspondence of the found documents to the user's query is called relevance. The general principle of the design and functioning of documentary information systems based on indexing is illustrated schematically in Fig.

Rice. General principle of the design and functioning of documentary information systems based on indexing

A feature of documentary information systems is also that their functions, as a rule, also include the task of informing users about all new documents entering the system that correspond to the user’s predetermined information needs.

The principle of solving problems of information notification in documentary information systems based on indexing is similar to the principle of solving problems of searching for documents by queries and is based on mapping the user’s information needs into the search space in the form of so-called search user profiles (SPP). The information retrieval system, as new documents are received and indexed, compares their images with user search profiles and makes a decision on the appropriate notification. The principle of solving problems of information notification is schematically illustrated in Fig.

Rice. The principle of solving problems of information notification in documentary information retrieval systems based on indexing

The search space, which displays search images of documents and implements mechanisms for information retrieval of documents in the same way as in the DBMS of factual systems, is built on the basis of document database languages, called information retrieval languages ​​(IRL). Information retrieval language is a certain formalized semantic system designed to express the content of a document and queries to search for necessary documents. By analogy with database languages ​​of fact-based systems, IPL can be divided into structural and manipulative components.

Structural component IPS (search space) of documentary IRS based on indexing is implemented by indexes in the form of information retrieval catalogues, thesauruses and general indexes.

Information retrieval catalogs are traditional technologies for organizing information retrieval in the documentary collections of libraries and archives and represent a classification system of knowledge in a specific subject area. The semantic content of a document in information retrieval catalogs is displayed by one or another class of the catalog, and indexing of documents consists of assigning to each document a special code (index) corresponding to the content of the class (classes) of the catalog and creating a special index on this basis.

Thesaurus is a specially organized set of basic lexical units (concepts) of the subject area (dictionary of terms) and a description of the paradigmatic relationships between them. Paradigmatic relations are expressed by semantic relations between vocabulary elements that are independent of any context. Independence from context means the generality (abstraction) of semantic relations, for example, the relations “genus-species”, “object-whole”, “subject-object-means-place-time of action”. Just as in information retrieval catalogues, in systems based on thesauruses, not the entire text of the document is displayed in the information retrieval space, but only the semantic content of the document expressed by means of the thesaurus.

General index (concordance)(global dictionary-index) in general form is a listing of all words (word forms) available in the documents of the repository, with an indication (references) of the coordinate location of each word (document number - paragraph number - sentence number - word number). Indexing of a new document in such systems is carried out through the addition of coordinate references of those word forms of the general index that are present in the new document. Since the search space in such systems reflects the entire text of a document (all words of the document), and not just its semantic content, such systems are called full-text information retrieval systems.

In the specialized literature, such systems are sometimes called systems without lexical control, that is, without taking into account the possible synonymy of individual groups of word forms, the unification of individual groups of word forms into common semantic groups, and the semantic relationships between word forms.

Structural component The IPL of semantic navigation systems is implemented in the form of a technique of semantic references in the texts of documents and a special navigation interface for them and is currently represented by hypertext technologies.

Search (manipulation) component of IPY implemented by descriptor and semantic query languages. IN descriptor languages documents and queries are represented by sets of some lexical units (words, phrases, terms) - descriptors that have no connections with each other, or, as they also say, do not have a grammar. Thus, each document or request is associated, or better said, represented by a certain set of descriptors. The search is carried out by searching for documents with a suitable set of descriptors. The descriptor elements are either elements of a dictionary of key terms or elements of a general index (a global dictionary of all word forms). Due to the lack of connections between descriptors, the set of which for a specific document and a specific request expresses, respectively, the search image of the document - POD or the search image of the request POS, such languages ​​are used primarily in full-text systems.

Semantic languages contain grammatical and semantic structures to express (describe) the semantic content of documents and queries. The whole variety of semantic languages ​​is divided into two large groups:

• predicate languages;
• relational languages.

IN predicate languages The elemental meaningful construction of a statement is a predicate, which is a multi-place relation of a certain set of grammatical elements. The plurality of a relation means that each element of the predicate plays a specific role for the group of lexical elements as a whole, but does not have specific relationships with each element of this group separately. An analogue of a predicate statement in natural language is a sentence that states a certain fact or describes a certain event.

IN relational languages lexical units of utterances can only enter into binary (with each other), but not into joint, i.e., not multi-place relationships.

The lexical units of semantic languages ​​are functional classes of natural language, the most important of which are:

• concept-classes (a general definition of a set of homogeneous elements of the real world that have a certain characteristic set of properties that allow one concept-class to be separated from others);
• action concepts (a lexical element expressing the dynamics of the real world contains a universal set of features, including the subject of the action, the object of the action, the time of action, the place of action, the instrument of action, the goal, etc.);
• state concepts (lexical elements that record the states of objects);
• names (lexical elements identifying class concepts);
• relations (lexical elements that serve to establish connections on a set of concepts and names);
• quantifiers (universality, existence, etc.).

Semantic languages ​​constitute the language-manipulation basis of information retrieval catalogues, thesauri and semantic-navigation (hypertext) information systems, using their own means to describe the catalogues, thesauri, semantic networks themselves and express the semantic content of documents and queries.

Performance indicators

The main indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of documentary information retrieval systems are the completeness and accuracy of information retrieval.

Completeness of information search R is determined by the ratio of the number of found persistent documents A to the total number of persistent documents C available in the system or in the studied set of documents:

Information Retrieval Accuracy P is determined by the ratio of the number of found persistent documents A to the total number of documents L issued to the user’s request:

The presence of irrelevant documents among those selected for a user's request is called information noise of the system. Information noise factor k, accordingly, is determined by the ratio of the number of irrelevant documents (L–A) issued in response to the user to the total number of documents L issued to the user’s request:

Ideally, the completeness of information retrieval and the accuracy of information retrieval should approach one, although in practice their values ​​range from 60 to 90%.

Literature

1. Danilevsky Yu.G., Petukhov I.A., Shibanov V.S. Information technology in industry. - L.: Mechanical engineering. Leningr. department, 1988.

2. Information technology, economics, culture / Sat. reviews and abstracts. - M.: INION RAS, 1995.

3. Information systems in economics / Ed. V.V. Dick. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1996.

Information system concept

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ from each other both in composition and in main goals.

Information system - refers to an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in the interests of achieving a given goal. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products. A personal computer (PC) is used as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. A special role in information systems is assigned to humans, because the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.

It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

Stages of information systems development

The first information systems appeared in 50s . During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s . are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer hardware that could handle many functions beyond just processing invoices and processing payroll.

IN 70's - early 80's Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

TO late 80s the concept of using information systems is changing. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

Processes occurring in the information system

Processes , ensuring the operation of the information system:

entering information from external or internal sources;

processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

Information system is determined by the following properties :

any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;

the information system is dynamic and developing;

when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

the output of the information system is information on the basis of which decisions are made;

an information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

Implementation of information systems may contribute to:

obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.;

freeing workers from routine work due to its automation;

ensuring the reliability of information;

replacing paper storage media with magnetic disks or tapes;

improving the structure of information flows and the document flow system in the company;

reducing costs for the production of products and services;

providing consumers with unique services;

finding new market niches;

tying buyers and suppliers to the company by providing them with various discounts and services.

Information system structure

Information system structure constitutes a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems . P subsystem - This is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application, and the subsystems are called providing . The structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems: information support, software, hardware, mathematical support, legal support, organizational support.

Information Support

Math and software

Technical support

Organizational support

Legal support

IP classification

What is an information system? We are talking about a set of tools for collecting, storing and distributing data. In this case, any system that provides such functions can be considered similar. If we talk more deeply about the meaning of the concept, then this can be called the creation of sources used in the future to obtain data, filter them and popularize them.

Definition

In this article we will take a closer look at what an information system is. This concept is directly related to computer nuances. Otherwise, such a system can be called a complex, which implies the mutual work of people and technology, as a result of which information is processed and changes its appearance.

The term can also be used in a more limited sense. Often this is the name of the software that is necessary for the correct operation of databases. However, when answering the question of what an information system is, a person means a complex that includes a superficial layer. This can be a collection of users, processors, communication networks, and so on. Moreover, any of the information systems is necessary in order to support the correct operation of all operations, as well as to manage decisions. Revealing in more detail what an information system is, it must be said that these are communication technologies used by many organizations. This is also the name given to the ways in which people interact with PCs and other types of devices while working in business. At the moment, many researchers clearly divide information and computer systems among themselves. As a rule, the former are not directly related to technology, but include many components of computer technology.

General concept

This article will discuss the information support system, which differs from business processes. As a rule, their differences lie in the fact that such a complex does not help to manage the latter, but only to monitor the effectiveness of their work. Many information systems are referred to as a special type of functional process. However, we are still talking not about one function, but about a complex within which people or equipment perform certain options using certain resources. It should be noted once again that the information system is based on work that allows you to collect data, transmit it, store, search, process, and also display the received files as much as possible.

What is this - IS?

Analyzing the nuances described above, an information system is one that is closely connected with many complexes. The latter allow you to connect data from two parties and their work processes at once. It is a form of interconnection. Within its limits, data is provided and processed as much as possible. As a rule, in such a complex information is considered social memory. The system described can also be thought of as a semi-official language that is capable of supporting all human activities. It is a basic direction in organizational informatics.

Basic concepts, definitions, classification of information systems

At the moment, there are several management information systems. Among them, support for making various decisions or actions, as well as transaction processing, should be highlighted. There are also special systems that allow you to manage training or acquired knowledge and databases. When creating any information complex, we take into account the technologies that are necessary in order to complete tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the human brain. For example, to perform complex calculations or control many processes at once. It is for such purposes that such complexes are created. At the moment, information technology is a fairly important resource, which is as accessible as possible to any manager. Today, a large number of companies are introducing vacancies based on working with such systems. Often a technical director is appointed to this position.

Equipment

To ensure the security of information systems, you must work with the right equipment. There are currently six main components that must be combined to create such an entity. Equipment is one of them. This term is all about technology. We are talking about the presence of a computer, which is often called a central processor in the professional sphere. It is also necessary to purchase all the equipment that allows you to support the operation of this equipment. Among the auxiliary or additional equipment, one should highlight a device that allows data storage, communication with other components, and also provides input-output of parameters.

Software

The unified information system runs on special software equipment. This is what allows for correct functionality. At the same time, special guidelines are often created that make it possible to maintain the correct operation of the software. At the moment, there are a large number of computer utilities, as well as machine-readable instructions that function without human intervention. Thus, they allow the hardware parts of the system to operate using electrical circuits. As a result, the computer produces useful data from just the analyzed mass of files. The received information is usually located on some devices, and the use of removable media is also allowed.

Data

Speaking about an automated information system, it is necessary to talk about data. They are directly used by her. It is this information that is needed to obtain useful files. As mentioned above, they are stored on special media until it becomes beneficial for the computer to use certain information. It should be noted that the complex will not be able to work without taking into account the availability of received facts, which as a result are then processed and systematized.

Procedures

Of course, it is necessary to add, when talking about an automated information system, about procedures. They are also important in the term being described. This refers to a policy that completely distributes the functionality of a computer system. Moreover, these can be either requirements or a rule. With their help, the information system will function and develop as quickly as possible.

People

The state information system and any others need people, because such complexes are created precisely to ensure maximum performance and convenience for consumers. Often they are the most significant element of development. It should be noted that it is the users who completely influence the resulting success or failure. It should be said that this item should include not only users, but also those who work and maintain the equipment, and also the information system itself in general.

Feedback

Any private or public information system must have feedback. This component is not the main one, but it is quite important. It was already said above that information is considered a kind of connector between a computer and people. Thus, all the data that is collected as a result of work is information, and scattered until the PC itself systematizes it. It is at this stage that all information becomes useful and falls under the definition of IP.

Pyramid

A pyramid is a unified information system of the classical type. As a rule, this is what is presented in programming textbooks. In the eighties, it was drawn in the form of a regular pyramid, which made it possible to fully indicate the hierarchy of each component. It should be noted that at the very bottom were the systems processed in the transaction. A little higher was the IS control, necessary to maintain the high-quality operation of the complex, and in the upper part was the model of the executive base.

This type of image is useful even today. A large number of new technologies have been formulated on the basis of the pyramid, but it should be noted that due to the development of technology, some components of this system may no longer be entirely relevant.

Computer ICs

Computer information systems are required in order to handle some planned tasks.

Such complexes have basic components. As a rule, this is a hardware part. It includes a processor, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on.

In addition, it is necessary to have programs that allow you to process the data.

Networks are often needed to connect the system and the computers used.

A working structure of procedures, which are the commands needed to process information, should be fully provided.

The functionality of the databases also needs to be guaranteed. They will store the resulting tables with important files.

At the moment, the described systems that we are talking about now work with the first four components. They are combined into one complex. It is called an information technology platform.

Information systems development

Information systems are developed within the framework of the work of any organizations, or through external sources. Often these components influence the development of large companies, allowing for the maximum use of information technology. If we talk about methods and processes, a large number of instructions have now been developed, which makes it possible to effectively use such a system.

The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of information processing. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool of the information system.

Information system is a software and hardware complex, the functioning of which consists of securely storing information in computer memory, performing domain-specific information transformations and calculations, and providing the user with a convenient and easy-to-learn interface.

Information systems exist in all major spheres of modern society: government bodies, the financial and credit sector, information services for business activities, the production sector, science, education, etc.

When creating or classifying information systems, problems arise related to the formal - mathematical and algorithmic description of the problems being solved. The quality of the system creation determines the efficiency of the entire system, as well as the level of automation, determined by the degree of human participation in making decisions based on the information received.

The more accurate the mathematical description of a problem, the higher the capabilities of computer data processing and the less the degree of human participation in the process of solving it. This determines the degree of automation of the task.

Let's consider several types of information systems:

Structured system- a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.

In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are routine in nature. The purpose of using an information system to solve structured problems is to completely automate their solution, i.e. reducing the human role to zero.

Example. It is necessary to implement the payroll calculation task in the information system.

This is a structured problem where the solution algorithm is completely known. The routine nature of this task is determined by the fact that the calculations of all charges and deductions are very simple, but their volume is very large, since they must be repeated many times monthly for all categories of workers.

Unstructured system- a task in which it is impossible to identify elements and establish connections between them.

Solving unstructured problems due to the impossibility of creating a mathematical description and developing an algorithm is associated with great difficulties. The possibilities of using the information system here are small. The decision in such cases is made by a person for heuristic reasons based on his experience and, possibly, indirect information from various sources.

Example. Try to formalize relationships in your student group. It is probably unlikely that you will be able to do this. This is due to the fact that this task requires psychological and social factors, which are very difficult to describe algorithmically.

Expert system is a program that behaves like an expert in some, usually narrow, application area. Typical applications of expert systems include tasks such as medical diagnostics and localization of equipment faults.

An example of an expert system in electronics.

ACE. The expert system identifies faults in the telephone network and makes recommendations on necessary repairs and restoration measures. The system operates without user intervention, analyzing status reports received daily by CRAS, a program that monitors the progress of cable network repairs. ACE detects faulty telephone cables and then decides whether they require preventative maintenance and selects which type of repair work is most likely to be effective. ACE then stores its recommendations in a special database that the user has access to. ACE is implemented in OPS4 and FRANZ LISP languages ​​and runs on AT&T 3B-2 series microprocessors located in cable monitoring substations. It was developed by Bell Laboratories. ACE has undergone trial operation and has been brought to the level of a commercial expert system.

Other classifications of information systems:

Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated.

Manual ICs are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual IS.

Automatic ICs perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated ICs involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system.

Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification of IP by field of application.

Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of various structural units.

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process Control IC(TP) serve to automate the functions of production personnel. They are widely used in organizations to support the technological process in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries.

Computer-aided design IC(CAD) are designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales. Creating such systems is very difficult, since it requires a systematic approach from the standpoint of the main goal, for example, making a profit, conquering the sales market, etc. This approach can lead to significant changes in the very structure of the company, which not every manager can decide to do.